Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/513

CERAUNIAN MOUNTAINS. 435 CEREMONIAL. Till' ancient nauio of two mountain rangt»s. (1) A ridge of mountains in the nortliwest corner of Kpirus, projecting into the Adriatic Sea, other- wise called Acroceraunian. now known as Khi- mara. (2) The soutlieastern extremity of the Caucasus range. There was also a mountain in Libya called t'craunian. CER'BERUS (Lat.. fronj Gk. KepScpoi, Ker- htii/s, perhaps connected with Skt. aariani, speckled). In Greek mylhologj', the name of the dog — the oli'sjiring (according to Hesiod) of T. |)hon and Echidna — who guarded the portal of the infernal regions. Cerberus ap|)ears in early literature and art in connection with the twelfth labor of Hercules (q.v.), by whom he was brought from the lower world. Later he becomes the guardian of the portal, and fawns on the arriving souls, but prevents any attempt at escape. In the poets. Cerberus is described as many-headed, but the popular conception seems to have been that of a dog with three or two heads, with a tail ending in a serpent, or with a mane of serpents. In early art there is no well- established type. The origin of the conception of Cerberus is still a matter of dispute. CERCA'RIA (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. K(pKo%,ker- hos, tail of a beast). A larval trematode worm, in a particular stage of development. See Trematooa. CERCELEE, ser'slft' (OF. cercel, Fr. cerceau, Lat. firrtllun. a little ring, Lat. circus, cirele), or Rkc,-ercel6e. In heraldry, a cross circling, or curling at the ends, like a rani's horn. CER'CIS. Sop Ji da.s-Tree. CERCOPES. The two gnomes wlio worried and robbed Hercules in his sleep. .V j)oeni, bear- ing their name, is attributed to Homer. CER'COPITHE'CID.a: (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. KcpKoirldriKos, knhoijithfLos, long-tailed ape, from KipKOC, kerkos, tail of a beast + itiStjkos, jiilMkus, ape). A family of primates, containing all the < lid World monkeys, other than anthropoid apes. I .See Monkey. ) The several genera are described and illustrated under I'aboox ; Langir: Ma- CAQiE. and many individual names. CERDCNIANS. A sect of Gnostics, founded by Cerdo. a Srian who came to Rome about A.u. 140, and developed by his ilisciple Marcion. riiey held that there were two primal causes — the perfectly good and the perfectly evil. The good created the world, is the (Jod of the .Jews, and the author of the Old Testament. Jesus Christ is the son of the good Deity: he was sent into the world to oppose evil ; but his incarna- tion, and consequently his sutferings, were mere appearance. Deeming the hmnan body the work of the evil Deity, the Cerdonians prohibited mar- riage, wine, and flesh-eating, and advocated fast- ing and other austerities. Cerdo rejected the Old Testament, and all of the Xew, except a part of Luke's Gospel and Paul's Kpistles. CEREALS, or CEREAL PLANTS (Fr. ciri'iil, Lat. cereulis, pertaining to Cciis. goddess of agriculture). The plants belonging to the Graniinete, or grass family, cultivated for their >eeds as an article of food. They are al.so called corn-plants, or bread-plants. The most common cereals are wheat {Trilicum) , barley [Horde- II III), rye (Secale), oats (.4i;eMn), rice (Ori/za), maize or Indian corn (Zea), different kinds of millets iHetaria, Fanicum, etc.), and various sorghums (Sorghum or A ndropoyon) . The word f'crenUa is sometimes used to designate cereal plants. CER EBEL'LUM. See Xervovs System. CER'EBRAL HEMORRHAGE. See .po- I'LEXV. CEREBRA'TION ( fnmi Lat. cerebrum, brain, councclid with Cik. Kapa, kara, Skt. siras, head, Ger. tlirii, brain, Eng. dial, hams, brains), UxcoNSCiois. A supposed rcllex and uncon- scious action of the cerebrum (Lat. brain), con- ditioning an involuntary and unconsciims elab- oration and association of ideas. It "is the jirecise parallel, in the higher sphere of cerebral or mental aclivity, to tlie movements of our limbs, and to the direction of those movements through otir visual sense, which we put in train volitionally when we set out on some habitually repeated walk, but which then proceed not only automatically, but unconsciously, so long as our attention continues to be uninterruptedly di- verted from them." ( W. H. Carpenter, Principles of Mciitnl Plii/xiology, London, 1870.) An il- lustration would be the "cropping up' of some name or date which we have previously 'tried to recall' without avail. The phrase has now fallen into disuse, some writers referring the phenom- ena to a subconscious (q.v.) incubation, others invoking the known laws of as.sociation (q.v.), or emphasizing that relegation of cerebral func- tions to lower centres which is a consequence of the law of habit (q.v.). Consult James, Psy- rholofiij (Xew York, 1890). CER'EBRIN, Cs„H,«N,0„ (from Lat. cere- brum, brain) . Xn organic substance found in the brain, the nerves, and in pus-corpuscles, from the substance of which it may be obtained by ex- tracting with alcohol. The cerebrin thus ob- tained is freed from lecithin by treatment with barium hydroxide, and purified by recrystalliza- tion from alcohol. Cerebrin is a colorless, trans- parent substance insoluble in water and in cold alcohol and ether. When heated with dilute acids, it is transformed into galactose and the nitrogenous siili.-.tancc known as sjihiugosin. CER'EBRO-SPI'NAL FLUID. A clear, limpid, slightly nllniminous fluid, having a salt- ish taste, and a faintly alkaline reaction, and not containing more than 1.5 per cent, of solid matters. It is found between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater of the brain (q.v.) and spinal cord, within the skull and the verte- bral canal, enveloping them so as to afTord me- chanical support and also to serve as a cushion to ])rcvent injury from ctmcussion, and to equal- ize pressure when the body is in different posi- tions or the vessels of the brain contain varying amounts of blood, as claimed by some. It is of physiological value to the brain as lymph. In certain diseases the amount of the cerebro- spinal fluid is vastly increased. Sec Hydro- CEPllAl.i S : XlllVOl S SVSTKM. CEREBRO-SPINAL MEN'INGI'TIS. See -Memnc.i lis. CER'EBRUM. See Nervous System. CEREMONIAL (Fr. c^rcmoniale, Lat. cccri- muiiiiilin, fiiiiii cirriiiioiiid, ceremony), CouBT. The origin of elaborate formalities in the daily life of a monarchical court is to be traced to the Eastern nations, who.se genius is in harmony with such external expressions of reverence.