CHALMERS. 465 CHALYBEATE WATERS. consequence of which he was elected principal of the Free Church College, and spent the close of his life in the zealous performance of his learned duties, and in perfecting his Institutes of Tliiology. He died suddenly at ilorningside, Kdiuburgh, May 30, 1847. The works of Chalmers contain valuable, and m some cases original, contributions to the sciences of natural theology. Christian apolo- getics, and political economy; while on minor topics, such as the Church-establishment ques- tion, they exhibit both iinvclty and ingenuity of argument. As an orator. Chalmers was unique and unrivaled. His works were collected {23 vols., 1836-42) ; posthumous works (P vols., 1847-49) ; select works (12 vols., 18.54-79). For his life, consult: V. Hanna (4 vols., Edinburgh, 1840-52); D. Fraser (New York, 1881); Mrs. Oliphant (London. 1893. 2d ed., 1896); W. G. Blaikee (Xew York, 1897). CHAL'ON, John James (1778-1854). An English artist, born in Geneva, Switzerland. He was a pupil of the Koyal Academy and became a member in 1841. His picture "Xapoleon on Board the Bellerophon" is in Greenwich Hospital, and ". View of Hastings" in South Kensington. His brother, Alfred Edw.vkd (1781-1860), bom in the same place, became a painter in water- color to Queen Victoria. He painted portraits of many of the aristocratic ladies of the day. Like his brother, he painted in oil also, and some of his subject pictures have been taken for orig- inals of Watteau. CHALONS - SUR - MARNE, sha'lox' syr mam'. A garrison town of France, capital of the Department of Mame, 107 miles east of Paris by rail, on the right bank of the River Marne, which is here crossed by a handsome stone bridge (Map: France, L 3). Chalons-sur-Mame is an old walled town and the seat of a bishopric. The houses are chiefly of timber, lath, and plaster. The situation, however, is agreeable, and the town contains some fine public buildings, the prin- cipal of which is the cathedral of Saint Etienne, which contains one of the finest grand altars in France. On the east side of the town there is the splendid Promenade du Jard, or park, which covers nineteen acres. Chalons has a school of industry, a communal college, a seminary, a mu- seum, and a library. It manufactures woolens, cotton, leather, etc., and has a considerable trade in grain, hemp, rape-seed oil, and champagne. Population in 1901, of town, 21,290; of com- mune, 26,737. ChAlons is of great historical im|)ortance. It was knoA-n as the Roman Cat- alaununi in the Third Century; witnessed the defeat of Tetricus hy Aurelian in a.d. 274; of the Alemanni by .Jovinus in 266: and here or in the district (Catalaunian Fields), in 451, was fought one of the fifteen decisive battles of the world (according to Sir Edward Creasy), when the Romans and their allies, the Visigoths, defeated .ttila and his Huns. The town success- fully resisted the English attacks in 1430-34: it was taken by the Prussians in 1814, and by the Russians in the following year. In 1870 it was occupied by the Germans after the evacuation by MacMahon of the celebrated camp established here in 1856 by Napoleon III. CHALON-SUR-SAONE, si.ir sfin. The capi- tal of an arrondi-i^iinciit of the Department Saonect-Loire, France, about 33 miles north of Jiilcon (Map: France, L 5). It is situ- ated on the right bank of the SaOne, at the point where that river is joined by the Canal du Centre, which unites the SaOne with the Loire. Vineyards, woods, meadows, and cultivated fields surround it and add variety and beauty to the situation. It is an irregularly built town with walls and towers, although along the river the liouses are modern and in some cases lu.xurious,
- ind the quays are excellent. It has two fine
cliurches, a communal college, and a library of 22,000 volumes. Its manufactures include hats, hosiery, vinegar, oil, pottery, jewelry, and imitation pearls; and it has a large trade in the agricultural and other produce of the district. Steamboats navigate the Saone from Chalon-sur- Saone downward. Population, in 1901, of town, 25,565; of commune, 29,058. Chalon-sur-Saone occupies the site of the ancient Cabillonum or Caballinum. CHALOTAIS, sha'lo'ta', Louis Ren6 de Ca- HAULitic. La. See La Chalotais, Louis RenS DE Car ADEHIC. CHALTJKYAS, cha-loo'kyas. The names of several dynasties of Hindu kings. The early and western Chalukyas of Badami and Kalyana ruled during the SLxth and Seventh centuries A.D., and another line of the same dTiasty reigned over Kalyjina from a.d. 973 to 1183. The other im- portant lines of the Chalukyas were the eastern (..D. 015-1127). and the Chalukyas of Anhilvad (A.D. 941-1296). CHALYBEATE (ka-llb'e-at) WAT'ERS (from Lat. chalybs, Gk. x^-'"^, chalyps, from Xa/.i'(3ff, Chalnhes. iron-workers in Asia Minor). Natural mineral waters that contain considerable amounts of iron in solution. The carbonate is generally held in solution by an excess of car- bonic acid, and is precipitated as soon as the latter has escaped into the air. This accounts for the characteristic deposits of ochre or ferric oxide on the surface of stones near the mouth of clialybeate-water springs. Chalybeate springs may be subdivided into carhonated chalybeate (or carbonated ferruginous) and sulphated chaUj- heate. Examples of the former are Islington Spa, Oddy's Saline Water, and Tunbridge Wells, England; and Bailey Springs, Alabama, and Rawley Springs, Virginia, in the United States. An excess of carbonic acid communicates to the water a sparkling aspect and a pleasant acidu- lous taste. Of such a character are the mineral springs at Pyrmont in Germany, and they are called carbonated chalybeate or carbonated fer- ruginous. The sulphated chalybeate waters con- tain ferrous sulphate dissolved in them, and of this cliaracter are the Sand Rock Spring on the Isle of Wight, and the Springs at ilolTat and Vicar.sbridge in England, and the Rockbridge Alum Springs, Virginia, and the Texas Sour Springs, iu the Iniled States. Chalybeate waters have a more or less astringent or st.vptic taste, and show a purplish black tint when mixed with some varieties of wine, owing lo the tannin pres- ent. A pale blue color is produced when a few drops of poiassium ferrocyanide are added. Chalybeate waters are frequently prescribed in cases of debility, and as the carbonated varieties are lighter on the stomach, they are generally preferred. The chalybeate waters should ba avoided in plethoric, febrile, and inflammatory conditions of the system. See Carbonated ob Acim-Lous Waters"; and Mineral Waters.
