CHAMID^. 474 CHAMISSO. (attached) valve is convex with a somewhat spiral non-elevated lieak, and a smaller spiral llattoned valve that sii^pests a lid for the larjier one, which latter contains in its cavity the bulk of the animal. This genus, with about fifty-five liv- ing six'cies. is found abundantly in warm seas, especially the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, where its shells are connnon on coral reefs, fast- ened into the cavities of the coral 7nasscs. Fossil species of ("haiiia. little ditiercnt from the modern forms, are found first in the Cretaceous rocks, and the jienus attained its maximum in the Eocene, when it was quite abundant in the European ^fediterranean Sea of that period. The related fossil genera, found in the Mesozoic rocks, jire- sent some curious forms, due to extreme inequal- ity or to si)iral extension of the beaks of the valves. Diccras, of the Upper Jura, has the two valves of slightly unequal size, with their beaks twisted spirally outward, so that they resemble a ]Mir of ram's horns. Kequienia. of the Cretaceous, resemliles a turroted gastropod with the aperture of its spirally ndlcd larger (left) valve closed by the operculum-liko fiattencd right valve. Other allied genera are Monopleura. Caprina. etc.. all from the Cretaceous rocks. For descrip- tion of similar and closely allied, though even more al)errant, fossil pch'cypotls, see the articles on ITii'PtKiTES ; and, for illustrations, see Rfni- ST-E. CHAMIEK, sha-mcr', Fredekic ( ITnfi-lSTO) . An English tiovclist. He was born in London, entered the navy in ISO!), and distinguished him- self in the American War of 1S12. He retired in 1833 and was jiromoted capt^iin in 18.56. The success of ^Marrsat in depicting sea life led Chamier to enter the same field, in which he was not without success, though in invention and humor he falls short of his model. His best romances are: Life of a Sailor ( 1837) ; lien Brace (1835) ; The Aretlntsu (183(1) : and Jack Ackims (1838). All of his novels have been translated into German. He also wrote a Uevicio of the French Revolution of 1S.',8 (1849), in which he gives a prejudiced view of some of the prominent jietors. CHAMINADE, sha'me'nad', CIccile Louise STtPiiA.ME (1801 — ). A French composer, born m Paris. Although descended from a family of sailors, and thus lacking any hereditary artistic tcm])erament, she early showed her musical pre- cocity, composing, wlum only eight years old, sacred music, which was praised by Bizet. She studied under Le Couppey, Savard, Marsick, and Godard, and made her dfhut as a pianist when eighteen, apjK'aring with success in various European cities. Not only is Chaminade a bril- liant pianist, but she is also well known as a <-onductor. Her fame, however, rests ujjon her compositions, which are among the most note- worthy of modern nnisic. They are characterized by a comprehensive technical knowledge, virility, and strikingly original melodies and rhythms. Some of her most novel etTecls are produced by a skillful use of tone chi-omatics. Among her best knowii instrumental pieces arc: La lisonjcra (The Flatterer) : Pus iks amphores ; and Pas des icharpen (Scarf Dance): An matin for two pianos; CaUirhne, a ballet symphony performed first in 1888 in Marseilles; and Lrx umazones, a lyric symphony. Of equal importance are her songs, many of which have been introduced by Xordica and Planeon. They include "Le Ritour- nelle." "Madrigal," "Rosainunde," "The Silver King," "Berceuse," etc. CHAMISSO, sha-m^s's6, Adki.uert vox (1781-183S). .
eminent German poet ami
naturalist. Although born in Champagne, France, he in childliood shared the exile of his parents, ficeing from the terrors of the French Revolution. In 1700 he became a page at the Berlin Court, and though his parents afterwards returned to France^ education had nuide Ger- many more congenial to his poetic nature, and he identified himself wholly with his adopted country. In 17fl8 he entered" the army as ensign, and in 1801 became lieutenant. He showed his interest in the military calling by two technical treatises published in 17!tS and 17!!!). Already he had joined a romantic brotherhood, which in- cluded several young men destined to fame, A'arnliagen, Ilitzig, and .Mexandcr zur Lippe. He studied Homer diligently, translated much into German, and in 1803 essayed a Faust, the only one of his early poems preserved in his ir<j/7.-,s-. He also coiiperafed as editor of the JJusrnahnanach (1804-07). In 1800 he resigned from the army and spent several years in futile and discontented bohemian wanderings. He was in France in 1800 and again in 1810. when he luidcrtook to turn into French Schlegel's noted Lectures on Art and Literature, staying with him and Madame de Stael at Chaumont, and later at Coppet, till his manners made him impossible. Here he was led to study botany, and in 1S12 he matriculated as a student of medicine in Berlin. In the next year, during the War of Liberation, he retired to Kimt-rsdorf, and while there wrote Jiis most noteworthy prose work, I'ctcr Srlile- mihl, a wonderful tale of the loss of ,i shadow by compact with the devil, an idea familiar to folk- lore and already developed by Goethe in his Miirchen, and by Iviirner in his Tenfcl von Sala- manca, but here given its enduring and classic form. He took part in Cai)taiu Kotzebvie's Rus- sian Polar expedition (1815-18), and in 1835 pub- lished in a Jouninl an account of it which in style and power of description is among the clas- sics of travel. He returned to Berlin in 1819, and was appointed assistant custodian of the botanical garden, ^^'hile here he married An- toine Piaste. Having recovered an indemnity of 100,000 francs for his French estates, he visited Paris in 1825. His greatest literary aetivitj' dates from his return, when he settled down to domestic life and ])cnccful ]nc)duction stimulated by the genial conqianionship of his wife, to whose inspiration we owe especially the charming poetic cycles Frnuenliebc mid -Lrhcn, and Lebens- Liedcr and ■liiidcr. He also made on admirable translation of the Song of Thrym, from the Ed- da, and many versions from other languages. From 1832 till his death he was editor of the German Muscnalnianaeh, which he made an au- liual of much literary importance. His poetry is small in amount, but widely popular in Germany. Some of his ballads ,and romances rank among the finest in German literature. His interna- tional reputati(m rests on the many translations of Peter SchlemihL His collected B'or/.s fill six volumes (Leipzig, 183G-3!); 6th ed., Berlin, 1874), containing also his liiographii by Hitzig, and his Leffers. Consult, also: Fulda, C/kimiis.so li/id seine Zeit (Leipzig, 1881) ; and Du Bois-
