Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/554

CHAMONIX. 476 CHAMPEAUX. lake of ice called the Mer de Glaee, in which there is a solitary rock or oasis called Le Jardiii, about 7 acres in extent, and covered with the most beautiful herbage. Until 1741 the valley was almost imknown : the region was considered a wilderness, and known by the name of Les Montagues JIaudites, or "accursed mountains.' In that year it was visited by two Englislimen, Pococke and Wyndliam. who ascended as far as Montanvcrt. It was only, however, in 1775. that the attention of travelers was effectually called to it by Saussure and Bourrit. The valley is rich in peculiar plants, and furnishes an aro- matic and perfectly white lioney. The village of Chamonix owes its origin to the Benedictine convent founiled between 10S8 and lOil'J. The inhabitants depend for a livelihood partly upon the tourists who visit the valley, and partly upon the pastures and ujion hunting. There are several good hotels, and the best guides are to be found here for the nei^>libor)ng Alps. It is from Chamo- nix that Mont Blanc is usually ascended. Con- sult Whymper. Chamonix and the Range of Mont Blanc (i.ondon, 1890). CHAMONT, sha'moN'. The brother of the hero in Olway's The Orphan. He is a t.vpical fulventurer, mercenary, and fighter of Restoration tragedy. CHAMOUCHOUAN, or Asiiu.vPMOicnorAN. . ncirllnvcstcrn allluent of Lake Saint John iq.v. ). Quebec. Canada, and the outlet of Cha- mouchouan. ()l)alogaman, Shabogama. and other lakes of the district. CHAMPAGNE, shaN'pa'ny' ( Fr., flat country, It. cittni'Ufimi, Lat. ciimpania, plain, from campus, field). A former province of France, now in- cluded within the Departments of Marne, Jlaute- Marne, Seine-et-Marne, Aube, Ardennes. Aisne, and Yonne. The province was about 180 miles long by 150 broad, its surface presenting ex- tensive" plains w-ith ranges of hills, especially in the north and east, from the vineyards of which is produced the famous clianipagne wine. In ancient times Champagne was subjugated by Cicsar, and afterwards was annexed to the king- dom cstablislied by the Franks. After the Tenth Century it had its own counts, who were vassals of the French kings. The capital was Troycs. By the marriage of I'hilip IV. with .Toanna, heiress to the Kingdom of Navarre, in 1284, Clianipagne and Brie came to the French Crown, and were incorporated in 1301. CHAMPAGNE, sluiN'pa'nv', or CHAM- PAIGNE, PiULiWK DE (1002-74). A Flemish painter. He was born in Brus.*ls, studied imder Fouquiferes, at Antwerp, and removed to Paris in 1021. He was soon employed with Nicholas Poussin in painting the decorations of the Lux- cmbovirg Palace for ilaria de' Medici. Later he was much employed by Richelieu, whose por- trait he painted many times. His masterpiece is "The Last Sui)per" (in the Louvre), which he painted for the Port Royalists, with whom he was closely associated in his latter years. He was member and later rector of the .VeadC-mie de Peinture et de Sculpture, founded in 1048. CHAMPAGNE (shilm-pSn') WINE. See UlNK. CHAMPAGNY, shiiN'pft'ny^, Fran<;'OIS Jo- SKiMi XoMi'KRE (1804-82). A French publicist, born in Vienna. He became a member of the Neo-C;itholie party, and with Montalembert con- tended for Catholic schools of instruction inde- [lendenl of the I'niversity of France. The Cone- fpondant and Ami dc la religion of Paris counted him on their staffs. In 18G9 he was elected to the French Academy. His publications include Du projct de loi si/r la lihcrtv d'cnseifincment (1S47) and Uistoire des Cisars (4 vols, s-i-r.i). CHAMPAGNY, sha.'pA'uye', .Ieax Baptiste No.ii'f;i:E DE, Due de Cadore (1756-1834). A Frencli courtier and di[)Iomat. born at Roanne. In 1781) lie was elected to the States-General, and as a supporter of the Third Estate became a prominent member of the General Assembly. During the Reign of Terror he was imprisoned (1703). but was released after Robespierre's fall, and was made a councilor of State by Napo- leon. His ada]itabilily and his skill in negotia- tion won him Napoleon's favor, and he became -Embassador to Vienna (lSOI-04), Minister of the lnteri(U" (1804-07). and Minister of Koreign Affairs (1807-11). In 180!) he acccnupanied the F.mperor to .ustria, where he negotiated the Treaty of Vienna. After the restoration of the Bourbons (1814), he retired from public life, but in 1819 was restored to the Chamber of Peers. CHAMPAIGN, sham-pan'. A city in Cham- paign County. 111., 128 miles south by west of Chicago, on the Illinois Central, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis, and a branch of the Wabasli railroads (Ma]): Illinois, D 3). It is located in an agricultural region, and has an ice and cold storage plant, railroad shops of the Illinois Central, and extensive foundries. It is the twin town of T'rbana, and lias a fine public library with about 8000 volumes. There are several parks in the city. Settled in 1855. Champaign was incorporated five years later. Its government is administered by a mavor, elected everv two vcars, and a city council. Population, in 1890. 5849; in 1900. 9098. CHAMP DE MAI, shiLv de mii. See Champ DE MaF.S. CHAMP DE MARS, mars (Fr., Field of -Mars, Lat. Campus Martins). The name given to the annual meetings held in the montii of Jlarch by the Franks of Gaul in the Fifth Cen- tury, and later. These were either national as- semblies called for the purpose of deliberation upon important matters, and for the trial of im- portant cases, or else military reviews. The Champs de Mars were not held as frequently under the later .Merovingians, but were revived by Pejiin, who held his meetings, however, in ilay ( liencc the name Champ de JIai) and made the body legislative in character. At a subse- quent period the meeting was revived as the council for the King. CHAMP DE MARS (Fr., Field of Mars). A great parallelogram in Paris, lietween the Seine and the Ecole Militaire. used especially for military purposes and drills. It is 1093 yards long and 537 wide, with four rows of frees on each side, flanked by ditches, and entered by five gates. It has been the scene of many remark- able political and public celelirations. from the Feasts of the Federation and of the Supreme Being during the French Revolution, to the uni- versal cxiiositions of 18C7. 1878, and 1889. CHAMPEAUX, sha.x'p.V, Oni.i.AiME de. See (JlII.I.ArME DE ClIAMPEAUX,