Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/560

CHAMPNEYS. 480 CHANCE. ford), Butler JIusenm (Harrow), the Quincen- tenary Buildings (Westminster College), and many" churches and schools. His publications include Cofoilri/ I'atmore, Memuirs iind Curie- spumhiicc (190U). CHAMPOLLION, shax'polyoN'. Jean Fr.k- gois ( 17'.U)-1S32). A French Egyptologist. He was born December 23, 1790, at Figeac, l)ei)art- nient of Lot. He is often called Chanipollioii le Jeune. in distinction from his brotlier I'lianipol- lion Figeac, a professor at Grenoble, who edu- cated him. In 1807 he went to I'aris to pursue his various Oriental studies, and in ISIU was ap^ pointed professor of history at the lyceuni of Grenoble. In 1814 he published Ij'Eijyptc sous le.i Fhanwiis, a study of the geography of ancient Egypt. Afterwardshe essayed tlie decipliernient of "the Egjplian hieroglyphics to which the dis- covery of "the Kosetla stone had attracted wide- spread interest. His brilliant results were first communicated in his Lettre a ilonsicur Dacier to the public (1822), and were more fully stated in his Precis ilu sijstrme hiiroyhjiihitiite (1824). It is now generally recognized that the attempts to ascrilM? priority in the decipherment of hiero- glyphics to Dr. Thomas Young, and even to charge ChampoUion with plagiarizing Young's discoveries, were entirely unjust. ChampoUion worked iiulependently, and in any case Young's results published in 1819 were of slight impor- tance as comi)arcd with those obtained by ChampoUion. ChampoUion was sent by the French Government to study the museums of Italy in 1824. and in 1828 to Egyi)t, where he joined a Tuscan expedition, headed by Rosel- iini. After his return he became a member of the French Academic des Inscriptions (1830), and in 1832, professor of Egyptologv- at the Col- lege de France. His premature death was doubt- less due to constant overwork. His genius and his untiring industry are most clearly shown in his posthumous works. His Orcimiiiairc egi/p- iicnne (lS3(i) and i DictioniiairehicriMilnjihiijiic (1841) were both unfinished at his deatli. His Notices ntanuscrites (1844, et seq.) , at first in in- complete form, gives a more adequate idea of the results of his Egj-jitian journey than the more ex- tensive Moinime'iits de I'Enypte, published 1835 et seq. Of the numerous books and essays pub- lished during his lifetime, the most noteworthy are Panlln'on ^(riiptien (1824); .9»r IVcritiire hicratiqur (18211; Sur I'ccriture di'motique (1824). After ChampoUion's death, Egyptology retrograded temporarily, and much time was wasted in fruitless disputes on the merits of ChampoUion's system. At present, no one doubts the enormous debt of gratitude owed by science to the great decipherer, hose system has t)een bril- liantly confirmed by modern discoveries, although it has been gicatly develoi)ed and improved in matters of detail. Consult AimC ChampoUion, Les (leti.T Chiniipollioii, leiir vie et leurs aeuvres (Grenoble. ISSS). CHAMPOLLION, .Jean .Ucqites (1778- 1807). usually called Champoi.i.ion Fioeac. A distinguislicd French arehieologist, elder brother of .T. F. ChampoUion (q.v. ), the founder of Egyp- tologj'. He was born at Figeac, in the D(>part- ment of Lot, October 5. 1778. After completing his collegiate studies, he was for a time libra- rian and afterwards professor of Greek at (Jren- oble. In 1828 he was appointed kee|)er of manu- scripts in the Royal Library in Paris, and tuenly jears later became librarian at Fontainebleau. He was at the sanu' time professor in the Ecole des Charles. He died May 9. 18(i7. in his eiglity- ninth year. ChampoUion first pul)lished a luim- ber of works on French history and philology. Among them were; Antiquitcs de (Irvnoble (1807) ; Iieclwrcbes siir les patois oti idioiites de France (1809); Xoureaiij: ecluircissements sur la ville dc t'ularo. aiijoiird'hiii (Irntohle (1814). Then, at his brother's suggestion, he turned liis attention to Egyptian archaeology, limiting liis studies, however, to the Greek documents bearing upon the subject. His Annates des Lat/ides (1819, with ^supplement. 1821) was crowned by the Institute, and he published later, utilizing his brother's manuscript eoUeetions, L Egypt c an- cienne et moderne (1840), and L'ccriture demo- iique ^gyptienne (1843). Among his other works are; Traits elementaire d'areheologie (2d ed. 1843) : IJistoire des peuples anciens rl mndernes, I'Asie centrale, VInde et la Chine (1857) : J/o>io- graphie du palais de Fontainebleau (18.5904); Documents paleofiraphiques relatifs d I'histoire des heaux-arts et des belles-lettres pendant le moyen age (18C8). ChampoUion also collabo- rated actively in editing the ilSS. left by his brother. Consult Aime ChampoUion, hes deux Chantpollioii, leur vie et leurs ocueres (Grenoble, 1888). CHAMPS ELYSEES, shaN'za'l*'z:-i'. The fashionaljle prdmciiade of Paris — a maj;iiificcnt avenue, extending fmm the Place de l;i Concorde to the Arc dc I'Etoile. about one and iinethird miles. It was laid out in 1010 by Marie de' Medieis, and is lined with fiii'b trees and hand- some edifices, among them the Palais de TElysCe and the two Palais des Beaux Arts, occupying the site of the old Palais de L'lndustrie. The afternoon concourse of carriages is one of the sights of Paris. The lower end of the avenue abounds in cafes chantants and restaurants. CHANAK KALESSI, cha-niik' kii'les-sG', or Kalk SiLTA.Mi; (Turkish. Pot Castle). A strongly foitiliiil town of Asiatic Turkey, situ- ated on the Dardanelles (5fap; Turkey in Asia, B 2). It is of considerable strategical inqnir- tanee, and is the seat of high military ollicials. It has a well-develo])ed pottery industry and a population of about 10,000. CHANAR, cha-niir', or ESPINAL, ft'sp.'-nal'. Names applied to the very thorny xerophytie (dry region) thickets of Argentina. .See TlIK'KKT. CHANCE (OF. cheance, from Med. Lat. ca- dentin, fall, from Lat. eadere. to fall). A word which in its original and strict meaning nuy be defined as the causclessness of an event. (See Causality.) But with the growing insight into the universal jirevalence of causality, chance in this sense of tlie term is in most scientific; and philosophical circles no longer reganh'd as possi- ble. The word continues to be used in a dill'erent sense, viz. the luiknown cause of an event. The cause may be entirely unknowii. or unknown only in detail. In either case there is a lack of predictability, and in so far as an event is unpredictable it is said to be due to chance. The only ease, where chance is still believed in as the absence of causality is the case of volition. (See Detehminism and Free Will.) The unpredicta- ble event is itself called an accident, sometimes also itself a chance. See Pkouauilitv.