Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/562

CHANCELLOR. 482 CHANCELLORSVILLE. Britain; but he has scarcely any jurisdiction in ScotUind, and in Ireland there is a separate Chan- t-cllor, having powers in most respects the same as those of the Chancellor of Great Britain. To slay the Chancellor is treason under io Edward III., e. 2. The ChniiccUor of the Exchequer is the Min- ister of Finance under the British Government. He is a member of the Cabinet and of the House of Commons. Formerly lie was a judjio ex oiricio of the chancery division of the Court of Excheq- uer, but the equity jurisdiction of the Court of E.xchequer was transferred to the Court of Chan- cery by statute 5 Vict. V., since which he has had no "judicial functions. See Cvria Regis; Ex- chequer. The Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster is an officer who formerly presided over the courts of law and equity in "the Duchy of Lancaster. He is a member of the Cabinet. The office is now a sinecure. In several of the United States the term chan- cellor has been applied to the chief judicial officer of the court of chancery when such court has been maintained as a distinct court from the courts of conmion law. In several of the States the judges of law courts have been given equity jurisdiction, thus doing away with the separate court of chancery. The title has not been used in New York since 1840, when the law courts of that State were given equity jurisdiction. The ~ court and title still exist in Delaware, New Jersev, and some other States. The term is also employed in designating the foreman of the Scotch jury, the secretary of an embassy or con- sulate, the administrative officer of a college or universitT, or of an order. (See Chaxcery; EgnTY. )" In Oxford and Cambridge the chan- cellor is generally some great nobleman, and has little or no connection with university ad- ministration, which is in the hands of the vice- chancellor, chosen from among the heads of the colleges. In the United States chancellor is used in a few instances for president, to designate the head of an educational institution. In the ecclesiastical use of the term, the chan- cellor of a cathedral is a dignified official, usually a canon, who superintends the arrangements for the celebration of the religious services. His office is quite distinct from that of the chancellor of a diocese, who is vicar-general to the bishop, and an ecclesiastical judge appointed to assist the bishop in questions of ecclesiastical law, and hold his courts for him. By 37 Henry VIII., Chap. 17, it is provided that the chancellor of a diocese may be a layman, whether married or single, provided he be doctor of the civil law lawfully create and made in some university. By the" canons of 1003 he must be a bachelor of law at least, or a master of arts. There are cer- tain cases, however, in which the bishop must sit in person. In case of complaint against a clerk in holy orders, for any ecclesiastical offense against the Church Discipline Act (3 and 4 Vict., Chap. SO), the bishop is to hear the cause, as- sist<"d bv three assessors, of whom the dean of his cathedral, or one of his archdeacons, or his chancellor, must he one: and a sergeant-at-law, or advocate who has practiced five years in the court of the archbishop of the province, or bar- ' rister of seven years' standing, another. CHANCELLOR, Ciiari.es William (1833 — ). An -Vmerican pliysician, born in Vir- ginia. He was educated at the University of irginia, and practiced medicine at Alexandria. During the Civil War he was medical director on the st<nlT of General Pickett. In 18(58 he was appointed professor of surgery in the'Wa.shing- Km College of ■.Maryland, and "from 1893 to 1807 was United States "consul at Havre. France. He is the author of a Treatise on Mineral Waters, a work on i^en-agc Disposal, and many essays on medical subjects. CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER. See ExciiEc^uEK. CHANCELLOR, PaciiARo ( ? -looli). An English navigator, who, in 1.550, was tlic com- panion of Roger Bo<lenham on his voyage to Caiidia and Chios. In 1553 he was appointed pilot-general of the northern expedition under Sir Hugh Willoughby, the purpose of which was jjrimarily to seek a northeast passage to China. During a. hurricane ofT the Lofoden Islands the ships were scattered. The Edouard Bonarmture, under Chancellor, alone entered the White Sea, landing near the present site of Archangel. From liere Chancellor proceeded to JIoscow, where he was well received by the Czar, with whom he succeeded in negotiating a treaty of commerce, and shortly aft'erwards'" the :Muscovy Company was established. Chancellor and his crew were shipwrecked and drowned while returning from a second voyage to Russia in 155G. CHAN'CELLORSVILLE, Battle of. One of the most important battles of the Civil War, fought May 2-4, 1803, at Chancellorsville, Va., 11 miles west of Fredericksburg, between the Federal Army of the Potomac, numbering about 130,nOO". under General Hooker, and the Confederate Army of Xorthcrn Virginia, num- bering about 00.000, under General Lee. Hooker had superseded Burnside on .January 26, and by the middle of April had succeeded in thoroughly reorganizing his army, restoring its morale, and CH.N'CEL1>0RSV1LLE. preparing it for action. At this time the Fed- eral and Confederate armies lay facing each other across the Rappaliannock at Fredericksburg. Hooker resolved to turn the Confederate left flank, first sending nearly all his cavalry, under Stonenian, to destroy Lee's communications with Richmond. The main movement began on April 27, when Hooker sent a ]>ortion of the army, under .Sedgvvick, to distract Lee's attention by ci;o8sing below Fredericksburg, while the main force effected a crossing above the town. This movement was successfully executed, and during the night of April 30 the main force was concen-