Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/589

CHAKLES V. 509 CHABLES VI. to help him against the Turks. In 1531 the Protestant princes fornie<l the league of 8chmal- kald (q.v.), and allied themselves with France and Kngland for their own prott-ction. This, and the continued assaults of the Turks, com- pelled the Emperor to yield in some measure to the demands of the Protestants, and to conclude the Peace of Xurember;; (1532). In 1535 Charles undertook an expedition from Spain a-raiust the pirate IJarbarossa, who had establisheil himself in Tunis, and whose vessels did "reat injury to the commerce of Spain and Italy. In this expe- dition he was completely successful, and set free no fewer tluui 22,000 Christians, who had been held as slaves. War again broke out with France. An armistice for ten years was con- cluded at Xice in 1538, which left the bulk of the dominions of the despoiled Duke of Savoy in the hands of Francis, diaries visited Paris, where he was magnificently entertained. In 1540 the proud city of Ghent, the liirthplace of the Em- peror, received a terrible chastisement at his hands for daring to resist his mandates. In 1541 Charles undertook an expedition against Algiers, but returned discomfited. In 1542-44 Charles was engaged in a fresh war with France, Henry VIII. being once more his ally. It was terminated by the Treaty of Crespy, advantageous to the Em- peror. The suspension of the stniggle with France left the Emperor at liberty to turn his arms against the Protestants of Germany, at whose head were Philip the Magnanimous. Land- grave of Hesse, and .lohn Frederick. Elector of Saxony. Charles received the support of the am- bitious Protestant prince, Maurice. Duke of Sax- ony (of the Albertine line). The victory of Miihlberg, April 24, 1547, placed the Protestants at the mercy of Charles, who deprived .lohn Fred- erick of his territories. In 1548 the Augsburg Interim was published, fixing the degree of re- ligious toleration to be accorded in Germany jiending the decision of the Council of Trent, which had been opened in 1545. In 1551 Magde- burg, a great stronghold of Protestantism, suc- cumbed to the arms of Maurice of Saxony. But this prince himself now became thoroughly alarmed at the arbitrari- manner in which the Emperor was proceeding to carry out his political aims, and suddenly turned his arms against him, allying himself with Henry II. of Francs. Charles was compelled to flee before the arms of the Pro- testants, and in 1552, through his brother Ferdi- nand, he concluded with them the Peace of Pas- sau, by which the Lutheran States were allowed the exercise of their religion. A more definite settlement was made, in the Peace of Augsburg, in 15.55. In the meanwhile Henry II. seized the three bishoprics of Toiil. Metz. and Verdun (15.52), and an attempt of the Emperor to re- conquer Metz failed miserably. Weary of the constant struggles and heavy responsibilities of his ill-assorted realms, Charles now declared his resolution to seek repose and devote the remainder of his days to God. In 1555-56 he resigned the Xetherlands and Spain to his son Philip, and abdicated the imperial crown in favor of his brother Ferdinand, and retired to the Monastery of Yuste, in Estremadura. At Vuste Charles spent two years, partly in me- chanical pursuits, partly in religious exercises, which are said to have assumed a character of the most rigid asceticism, and partly in active participation in politics. He died September 21, 1558. By his wife, Isabella, daughter of King Emmanuel of Portugal, he had one son, his successor, Pliilip II. of Spain, and two daugh- ters. Charles V. was a prince of remarkable executive powers. He showed a shrewd and some- times statesmanlike ability in meeting the dilli- cult problems of his reign : but this gave way more and more to the religious temperament in- herited from the Spanish side of his house. While he spared his Protestant subjects in (iermany for political reasons, he persecuted heresy unspar- ingly in Spain, where policy imposed iijion him no restraint. .s a general he ranks high. In temperament and disposition he was cold, phleg- matic, stoical, and devoid of chivalry. Consult: W. Robertson, IJisloii/ of the Reign of Chiirles V., with an account of the Emperor's life after his abdication by Prescott (Phila- delphia. lS(54-li7) : Baunigarten, Geschichte Karls V. (Stuttgart, 1SS5-02) : Lanz, Korrcspomlcnz cles Kaisers Karl V. (Leipzig, 1844-4til : Sando- val, Historia de la vida y hrchos dtl Emiirrador Carlos r. (Valladolid, 1604): Sepuloeda. De Jiebiis Gestis CaroH V. (ifadrid. 1780) : Ranke, Deutsche Gesehiehte iiii Zeitalter der Reforma- tion (Leipzig, 1894). CHARLES VI. (1685-1740). Holy Roman Emptrur fioiii 1711 to 1740, and the last of the direct male line of the House of Hapsburg. He was the second son of the Emperor Leopold I., and was bom October 1, 1685. His father wished to secure for him the crown of Spain: but Charles 11. of Sjiain assigned it -b.v testament to Philip of Anjon, whereupon arose the gi-eat War of the Spanish Succession, Britain and Hol- land taking part with the Emjieror against France, for the maintenance of the balance of power in Europe. (See Succession W.ks.) (Charles was acknowledged by the Allies as Charles III. of Spain, but had not succeeded in obtaining permanent possession of the kingdom when the death of his brother, the Emperor .Joseph I., recalled him to Germany in 1711 : and as he now became Emijeror of Germany. England and Holland concluded the Peace of L'trecht with France in 1713, not wishing to see him also King of Spain. Charles continued the war for some time: hut by the Peace of Rastadt (1714) gave up his claim to Spain, being confirmed, however, in possession of the Spanish Xether- lands and of the Spanish possessions in Italy. He was successful in a war against the Turks, marked by splendid Austrian victories under Prince Eugene, and concluded by the Treaty of Passarowitz (1718), and in a war with Spain, which arose out of the project of the Spanish minister, .lberoni (q.v.), and in which the Quad- ruple Alliance was formed — France. England. and Holland joining the Emperor against Spain. Charles had lost his only son, and being anxious to secure the throne to his own descendants, named his daughter, ^laria Theresa (q.v.). as his heiress, by a Pragmatic Sanction, published April 10, 1713. For more than twenty years the foreign policy of Charles was dictated by the sole desire of obtaining the ratification of the Prag- matic Sanction from the European powers. To accomplish this he sacrificed -Vustrian terri- tories in Italy and Spain, and the commercial prosperity of Flanders to England and Holland. (See OsTEND Company.) He won over Prussi.i by the concession of extensive privileges, and bribed Russia hv allowing it a free hand in