Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/600

CHABLES. 520 CHARLES MARTEL. filled with hydrogen gas, and on December 1, 1783, made a successful ascent to the height of 7000 feet. He invented a thernionietric hydrom- eter and a number of optical instruments. CHARLES, R. H. (1855—). A British divine and autliur. He was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, and was educated at Queen's College, Belfast, Trinity College, Dublin, and Queen's L'niversity. Ue was oirate of Saint -Mark's, Whitechapel, from 1883 to 1885. of Saint riiilijj's from 1885 to 188U, and of Saint ,*lark's, Ken- sington, from 1886 to 1889. Among his numerous publications may be mentioned: Haul: of Kituch (translated froiii the Ethiopic, 1893); Ethiopic Text of the lioal; of Jubilees (edited from four ilSS., 1894) ; Book of the Hecrels of Eiioeh (1S95) ; Apornhipse of liarnch (translated from the Syriac, 189(1); Jiurctt Jjcetiircs for 1S9$-U!I. CHARLES AL'BERT (1798-1849). King of Sardinia from 1831 to 1849. He was the son of Prince Charles Emmanuel of Savoy-Carignan, and in 1800 succeeded to his father's title and estates in France and Piedmont. In 1817 he married ilaria Theresa, daughter of the Arch- duke Ferdinand of Tuscany. On the outbreak of the revolutionary movement in I'iedmoiit in 18:il, he was made regent upon the alidication of Victor F.niinanuel 1., until Charles Felix, the brother of the late King, should arrive to assume the sovereignty. He displeased, during his short reign of a week, both the Liberal Party and its opponents, and Charles Felix disavowed all his acts, and for some time forbade his appearance at Court. In 1829, however, he was appointed Viceroy of Sardinia. On the death of Charles Felix, April 'J7. 1831, he ascended the throne. UniK'r the impulse of the movements of 1848, Charles Albert granted to Sardinia a con- stitution, the f^latuto, which became the con- stitutional basis of the new Italy (see Cavot^r). The King entered warmly into the project of Italian unity, and evidently expected to place himself at the head of the whole movement and of the new kingdom of Italy. He was not, how- ever, in real sympathy with the democracy of the new liberalism, and he was too visionary and un- practieal to lead Sardinia along the dillieult road that lay before her. When the Lombards and Venetians rose against the Austrian Government, he declared war against Austria, March 23, 1848, and at first was successful; but his army was deficient in organization and leadership, and at Custozza, .July 23, 1H48, and at Xovara. IMarch 23, 1849, his hopes were wrecked by crushing de- feats at the hands of the Austrians. On the battlefield of Xovara he resigned the crown in favor of his son. Victor Knimanuel. He retired to Portugal, and died in Oporto on the 28th of July of the same year. See Italy ; Sardinia ; Savoy, IIoisio ok. CHARLES AUGUS'TIJS (1757 - 1828). Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. He lost his father in the first year of his life, and, together with a post humous brother, was educated with great care during the regency of his mother, a woman of lil](ral ideas and great strength of character. Wieland. Kncbtd. and other prominent men ^vere among the teachers of young Charles Augustus. In December, 1774, he made the acquaintance of Goethe, and they at once became friends. As soon a-s Charles Augustus assiimed the reigns of government, on his eighteenth birthday, he called See StI'AKT, CHARLE.S Goethe to Weimar, and their intiniacv was in- terrupted only by death. Owing to his own love of letters and the inlluence of his motlier, Amalie (q.y.), the Court of Saxe-Weimar became the shrine of tJernum literature. Schiller. Herder, Wieland, and others lived under Augustus's pro- tection, and the Court Theatre at Weimar wit- nessed the first i)roductiou of Iphiqctiie (1786) and Ti/.s.™ (1789). In 178() Charles Augustus entered the Prussian Army, in whidi he renmined until the ilefeat at .lena in 180(i. wlien he joined the Ubcnish Confederacy and aided the French, in 1813 he joined in tin- roalition against Na- poleon, and commandeil an army of Saxons, Hessians, and Kussians. He fought among the Allies in 1815, and the Congress of 'ienna re- warded his services by enlarging his principality and making it a grand duchy. Consult Diintzer, (Jocthc itiid Karl Auyust (2d ed. Leipzig, 1888). CHARLES DE BLOTS, sharl dr blwii. or DE CHATILLON i .' l.!(14). A claimant to the Ducliv <if Brittany. He was a nephew of Philip VI. of France, and became involved in a struggle with .lean de Montfort for the possession of the dui-hy. He was kilb'd at the battle of Auray. CHARLES ED'WARD. FllWARI). CHARLES EMMAN'UEL I., Duke of Savoy. (158()-I(13(l). See Sanov. llorsE 01-. CHARLES FRED'ERICK ATTGUS'TTJS ■WIL-LIAM I 1804-73). Duke of Brunswi.k. s(m ut Duke Frederick William, who fell at the battle of (,)uatre-Hras. He was Imrn in tlie Duchy of Briniswiek and after his father's death was put inider the care of King (ieorge IV. of England. He ascended the ducal tlirone in 1823, but his administration was intolerable, and he was ex- pelled by his subjects in l.s;t9. The remainder of his life he passed chiefly in London. Paris, and Geneva, and at his death he bequeathed his im- mense fortvnie to the last-named city. CHARLES GRAN'DISON, The History ov Sir. a novel by Samuel Richardson (1753), depicting the author's ideal of a faultless hero. CHARLES MARTEL' (Fr,. Charles the llanuiiert (089-7)1 ). .Mayor of the Palace under tile last Merovingian kings, and the son of Pepin of Heristal. .fter his father's death in 7 14 he was proclaimed ilayor of the Palace by the Austra- sians. A war between Austrasia and Xeustria fol- lowed, which ended in Charles becoming undis- puted ruler of all the Franks, the titular kings being mere puppets in his hands. He was en- gaged in long wars against the revolted Ale- manni, Bavarians, and against the Saxons, but his im])ortance as a historic personage is ehiefiy die to his wars against the Saracens, who, having conipiered Scptimania from the Visigoths, in 720. advanced into Aquitaine. conquered Bor- deaux, defeated the Duke of Aquitaine. crossed the Garonne, advanced to the Loire, and threat- ened Tours. Charles overthrew them near Poi- tiers, in 732, in a great battle, in which their leader, Abd-er-Rahman, fell, and their progress, which had filled all Christendom with alarm, was checked for a time. He ilcfeated them again in 738. when they had advanced into the Bur- gundian territories as far as Lyons, deprived Them (rf Langucdoe, which he added to fhi' king- dom of the Franks, and left them nothing of their possessions north of the Pyrenees beyond