faith under the Keforiuatiou. The monastery was dissolved in l.")3S. The house passed through various hands, returning to the Crown under Mary by the attainder of the Duke of North- umberland, and under Elizabeth by that of the Duke of Norfolk. The hitter's son, the Earl of Suffolk, sold it in 1011 for £13,000 to Sir Thomas Sutton, whose coal lands in Durham had made him one of the richest Englishmen of his day. He richly endowed it as a hospital or almshouse for poor old nu^ii and a free grammar school, "to feed, clothe, and educate a certain number of poor boys, who witliout such assist- ance would be likely to go untaught." The 'poor brethren' were 80 in number, none being admitted under 50 years of age: they must be bachelors and members of the Church of England. Each bad a separate apartment, a share of attendance from domestics, ami ample, though plain, diet, and an allowance of about £20 a year for clothes and pocket money. This ])art of the institution is best known by the famous description of it given in The Neiccomes by Thackeray, who w'as liimself educated at Charterhouse. The school was not long limited to the forty foundation scholars, and grew until at the present time it ranks among the great puliHc schools of Eng- land. -Vniong tlie eminent men who have been educated here are Blackstone, Addison, Steele, John Wesley, and George Grote. In 1872, the old location amid crowded streets being thought tm- healthy, the school removed to Godalming in Surrey, 30 miles from London. The old i)remises were sold to the Merchant Taylors' School, which is now installed here in handsome new school buildings erected in 187.5. The quaint old hos- pital and chapel, the latter containing Sutton's tomb, still remain. Consult: Heiulricks, The London Charterhouse (London, 1889) ; Haig Brown, Charterhouse. Past and Present (Godal- ming, 1879) ; Eardley-Wilmot and Streatfield, Charterhouse, Old and Jew (London, 1894) ; Tod, Charterhouse (London, 1900) ; Doreau, Henri Till, et les martyrs de la Chartreuse de Londrcs (Paris, 1801).
CHAR'TERIS, Rcniu.LD Hamilton (1835
— ). A Scottish clergyman and educator. He
was born in Wamphray, educated in Edinburgh,
Tubingen, and Bonn, aiid in 1803 was appointed
minister of the Park Parish, Glasgow. From
1868 to 1898 he was professor of biblical criti-
cism in Edinburgh, where he is now professor
emeritus. He was a royal chaplain in 1869, and
in 1892 moderator of the General Assembly of
the Church of Scotland. He has been prominent
in the development of many im])ortant Church
activities. His publications include a Jjife of
Professor James Robertson (1803); Canonicity
(1881) ; and .1 Faithful Churchman (1897).
CHARTER OAK. A large tree that stood
in Hartford. Conn., until blown down August,
1850, when its age was computed to be nearly
1000 years. The tradition relating to it is as
follows: When Sir Edmund Andros was ap-
pointed Governor-(;eneral of New England he
came to Hartford in 1687 to receive the colonial
charter. This the colonists were loath to sur-
render, but, appearing to submit, carried it to the
council-chamber, where, during the debate, the
lights were extinguished and in Die ensuing con-
fusion the document was carried from the room
to its subsequent hiding-place in the hollow of
the tree. Here it remained until 1089, when the
deposition of Andros made further concealment
unnecessary.
CHARTER-PARTY (Er. charte partie, di-
vided deed, one part being given to each party
concerned; ef. indenture). In maritime law, a
contract under seal by the owner or master of
a ship, to carry a complete tiargo of goods or to
furnish a vessel or part of a vessel for that
purpose. It is one form of the contract of
affreightment (q.v.), the other being the familiar
hill of lading (q.v.), which is employed when
goods are shipped to form only a i)art of an in-
tended cargo. Sui'h a chart4"r may operate as a
lease of the ship itself, which thereupon passes
under the control of the charterer; or, more
commonly, it confers upon the ship])er the right
to have his entire cargo conveyed in the char-
tered vessel, in which case the charterer acquires
no property right in the ship, nor any voice in
its management. In the latter form of charter-
party the master or owner of the vessel occupies
the position of a common carrier (q.v.). But
where the charter transfers the possession and
control of the ship, the master is the agent of
the charterer, who becomes responsible for his
acts and for those of the crew, and who, in the
event of the chartered ship's earning salvage,
becomes entitled to the salvage award.
The ordinary charter-party describes the par- ties, the ship, and the voyage, stipulates that the ship is seaworthy, and will receive the cargo and perform the voj'age ])romptly, and notes those perils of the sea for which the master and sliii)-owuer will not be responsible. On the part of the freighter, it stipulates to load and unload within a given time, with an allowance of so nsany lay or running days for loading and un- loading the cargo, and the rate and time of pay- ment of the freightage, and date of commence- ment of demurrage, ('onsult Scruttan, Contraets of Affreightment as Expressed in Charter Parties and mils of Lading (4th ed., London, 1899).
CHARTIER, shar'tyiV, Alain (c.1390-c.
1 440 ) . A French poet and diplomatist of very
great literary inlluence in the Fifteenth Cen-
tury, but since then almost forgotten save for
the famous kiss bestowed by Margaret of Scot-
land, wife of Louis the Dauphin, afterwards
Louis XL, on the lips of the sleeping poet, who
is said to have been the ugliest man of his day.
He studied in Piiris, served diaries Yl. in im-
portant negotiations, and Charles VII. as notary
and financial secretary, as Avell as on a mission
to Scotland. He was prebendary and archdeacon of
Notre Dame de Paris. Passages of his BrMaire
des Seigneurs were set to be learned by heart
by Court pages; Marot and SaintGelais, poets
of the second following generation, praise him
warmly; the English Lydgate studied and imi-
tated him. His poems are mainly of lovers' con-
troversy, but his Livre des rjuatre dames and
Le ijua'ilrilogue invectif (1422) were evoked by
the disasters of Agincourt and show a line
patriotic spirit. His Lay de la belle dame sans
merei suggested at least a title to Keats. His
work shows a boldness and freedom of thought
that foreshadow the Renaissance. Consult De-
launay. Elude sur Alain Chartier (Paris, 1876).
CHARTISM. A Radical reform movement which grew to culmination in England from 1838 to 1848. Its name originated in (he National or People's Charter, which embodied the
