Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/627

CHAUCER. 545 CHAUMONOT. also translated the work of Boethius entitled De Consotafione Fhilosophiw. a favorite book of the Middle Ages, and one of whii'li we have a version by King Alfred. Xo better than his con- temporaries in prose, Chaueer rises far above them all in verse. At a time when English poetry was dull and without art. he wrought as a craftsman of the very first rank. He invented the seven-line stanza and the lieroic couplet em- ployed by Drvden. Pope, and a host of other ]>oets. He was indeed the father of English poetry. The first competent editor of Chaucer was Thomas Tyrwhitt, whose edition of the Canter- hury Tales appeared in 1775, a glossary being added three years later. An admirable edition of the Complete TlorA-.v, by Walter W. Skeat, in seven volumes, was published at Oxford in 1894-97. A convenient edition in one volume is the Globe (London and New York. 189S). The most exhaustive work on Chaucer is by T. R. Lounsbury: Studies in Chaueer (3 vols.. New York. 1892). Indispensable to the Chaucer student are the publications of the Chaucer Society, founded in 1867 by F. J. Furnivall. Consult also: Ten Brink, Chaueer: Studien zur Ceschichte seiner Sehrifleii (Miinster. 1870) ; Chaueer: Spraehe iind Verskunsl (l,eipzig, 1884) ; and Sk-p.Tt. Thr Chniirrr Cinoii (Oxford. inOO). CHAUCER OF FRANCE, The. A name given to Clement JIarot (q.v.). a French poet (1497-15441. CHAUCER'S DKEAM. A title originally prefixed to that poem of Chaucer which is now known as The Bok of the Duehesse, or The Deth of Blanehe. In all editions of Chaucer subse- quent to that of Speght in 1597, however, it is given to a poem which had been hitherto un- recognized. Although little is known as to the origin or history of the latter piece, there is no reason to doubt the authenticity of the author- ship. The earliest manuscript of it which has come down belongs to the year 15.50. CHAUCER SOCIETY, The. A society founded in 18H7 in London, by F. J. Furnivall, for the purpose of facilitating Chaucerian re- search and opening a knowledge of the great poet's works to the public. CHAUCI, kji'si. An ancient German tribe wliieli dwelt along the Xorth Sea, between the Araisia ( Ems) and the Albis ( Elbe) ., The RomaiLs often came into conflict with them, notably dur- ing the reign of Claudius (41-54). Tacitus (Germ. 35) records that they were conspicuous for their love of peace and justice, powerful but not ambitious, ready to resist aggression, but never provoking war. After the Fifth Century they disappear from history. CHAUDESAIGUES, sh.'.'dzf.n' (Fr. transla- tion of Lat. Ciilriites .iijuee, hot springs). A watering-place of France, in the Department of Cantal, atxmt 12 miles south-southwest of Saint- Flour ( Map : France, K 7 ) . It has five hot springs with a maximum temperature of 177°, the waters of which are considered as very effi- cacious in cases of rheumatism, and arc also used for washing clotlies and the heating of houses. There are also three cold springs. Pop- ulation, in inoi. of town, 106(5; of commune, 1645. CHAUDET. sh.'/dft', Antoixe Denis (1763- 1810 1. . French sculptor and painter, born in Paris. His statue of (Edipus, finished in 1801, established for him a high reputation. Among his other works are Paul and Virginia," "Sensi- bility," a silver statue of "Peace." and the "Na- poleon" that crowned the Vendome Colunui. His activity as a painter was secondary. His wife, •leanne Eliz;ibcth Gabion (1767-1832), was his |)upil in painting. CHAUDIERE (shfidyilr') LAKE ( Fr., cal- dron). An expansion of Ottawa River in Can- ada, just above the City of Ottawa, at which place the Chaudi&re Falls occur (:Map: Onta- rio, G 2 ) . CHAUDIERE RIVER. A river of Canada which rises near the northwest border of Maine, in small headstreams which flow into Lake Me- gantie, from which the Chaudifere River issues. It flows generally north-northwest to join the Saint Lawrence, about seven miles above Quebec. It is about 120 miles long (Map: Quebec. E 4). The falls of the same name are 2V2 miles above its mouth. CHAUFFEUR, shA'fer' (Fr., burner), or Gareotteir. a member of the bands of out- laws during the Reign of Terror in France who roamed over the northeastern part of t!ie country, under the lead of .John the Skinner, or Schinder- hannes. They garroted men and women, and roasted their feet to compel them to disclose hid- den treasure. In 180.") vigorous measures were taken which resulted in their suppression, (See Brig.>-d.ge. ) With the increasing use of the automobile as a means of recreation and trans- jiortation. the term chaufleur was applied to the driver who operated the carriage and the me- chanic who was carried to look after the machin- ery and fuel. The origin of this use of the term is found in France, where automobiling first won favor as a sport, the word chauffeur being there employed to designate a fireman or stoker. See AfTOMORILE. CHAULIAC, shoTyak', GuY de (c.l300-c.80) . A French surgeon. He first practiced in Lyons, and was physician to three of the Popes of Avi- gnon. In his profession he was far in advance of the time, and his Chirunjia Marina (1363) was for three centuries the indispensable manual of surgeons. CHAUMETTE, shA'met'. Pierre Gasp.4.kd 17()3-94). A notorious character of the French Itcvolution. bom at Xevers. Through Camille Desmoulins. he was made a member of the Club of Cordeliers ; and he soon became connected with one of the revolutionary journals. After the events of August 10, he became procureur- s>nidic of Paris. He was guillotined April 13, 1794, at the instance of Robespierre. Chau- mette was one of the most extravagant revolu- tionists in an age that had gone mad on revolu- tion. .t one time, according to tradition, he proposed that the French people should be made to wear wooden shoes and to subsist on potatoes. CHAUMTERE INDIENNE, shd'mySr' ax'- de-en'. La. See Saint Pikkre, Jacques Henri Bernarmn de. CHAUMONOT, shA'nic'j'nd', Pierre Marie Joseph (1011 03). A French .Jesuit missionary in North America. He was the son of a vine- dresser, but was brouglit up by his uncle, a priest, who lived at ChAtillon, on the Seine. At