Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/663

CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS. 581 CHEMNITZER. Laws relating to the business of selling and compounding drugs anil medicines, under wlial- ever name the business is carried on, and wliellier in the United States or in England, are eitlier laws limiting and defining the qualifications of those who may carry on the business, or restrict- ing the sale of poisons or intoxicating liquors, or defining the liability for injuries caused by carelessness or ignorance. Generally speaking, the statutes of the States in the United States require a i>erson wishing to adopt the profession of druggist either to pass an examination before a board appointed for that purpose, or to pro- duce a diploma from a college of pharmacy rec- ognized as having authority and weight. Either State or city ordinances preserilje the conditions under which poisons may be sold, directing, for instance, that certain kinds of labels be used on bottles containing the poisons, and that the names of persons purcliasing be entered in a book open for public inspection. Druggists are some- limes also forbidden to sell certain drugs or liquors except on physicians' certificates. Gross carelessness on the part of a druggist in com- pounding a prescription, if it leads to death or serious injury, is a penal offense; if death ensue, the otTense usually amounts to manslaughter. CHEMITYPE. A process invented by C. Pul, of Copenhagen, in 1843, for producing on a metal plate an engraving in relief. A design is etched or engraved on a polished plate of zinc, and- the depressions filled with a melted metal, the composition of which is secret, which is then reduced to the exact level of the zinc, so that the design appears as if inlaid. An acid is then applied to the surface, which dissolves the zinc, leaving the inlaid metal in relief, and from which an electrotype may be made, or the orig- inal may be used directly on the printing-press. The process was formerly employed for print- ing maps, but is now seldom used. The term chemitype has also been applied to several proc- esses for obtaining drawings or impressions from an engraved plate in relief, suitable for print- ing on .nn ordinary press. CHEMNITZ, kem'nits (from OCh. Slav. kamciil, I.ith. okinu, stone, Gk. anfiuv, akmon, anvil, Skt. asmaii. stone). The foremost manu- facturing town, and the third in population, in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated in a fertile valley at the base of the Erzgebirge, and at the confluence of the river Chemnitz with three other rivers, about 50 miles west-southwest of Dres- den (Map: Germany, E .3). The city consists of an older inner town, almost circular in form, intersected by narrow streets, completely sur- rounded by modem suburbs. Among its numer- ous S(|uarcs and public places are the ITaupt- niarkt, which contains the Old Kathaus, a handsome late Gothic structure; the Xewmarkt ; the Schillcrplatz, with the Church of Saint Peter and the Koyal Technical Schools: the Stadt- park, and the gardens surrounding the castle pond. Its notable public buildings include the Church of Saint James, restored in 1880; the Xew Rathaus, post-office, ImiJcrial Bank, law courts. Central Railway Station, the large cattle market, and the ca.stle. The city owns its water, gas. and electric works, maintains a nmnicipal pawnshop, and is governed by a mu- nicipal council of 48 members and an executive board of 25. It is the seat of government of the district. Its educational institutions in- clude, besides the Royal Gymnasium, two high schools and schools for all the technical branches, one being supported by tlie town, in addition to some eighteen elementary schools. There is also a municipal library of over .'iO.OOO volumes, and a tlieatre. Chenuiitz is known for its textile products, including cotton, linen, and woolen goods, especially cotton hosiery. The maimfac- ture of locomotives and machinery of all kinds is another very important industrj'. Its position at the junction of several railway lines adds to its commercial importance. It is the- seat of an American consulate. Population, in 1890, 13!),- 000; in 1900. 207.000. Ilistorii. — Chemnitz was originally a settle- ment of the Wends; but the present town grew up around a Benedictine monastery which Em- peror Lothair founded in 1125. By 1300 it had a full.v organized comnuuial government, and in 1494 "it received municipal rights. The indus- trial histoiy of the town begins in the Thirteenth Century, when it possessed extensive bleacheries. In the Thirty Years' Yar Chemnitz was laid waste; but later in the centurj- the introduction of cotton manufacturing revived its prosperity. CHEMNITZ, kem'nits, KEMNITZ, CHEM- NITITJS, ilARTix (l.'522-86). Next to Lutlicr and Mclanchthon the most distinguished CJerman Protestant theologian of the Sixteenth Century-. He was born at Treuenbrietzen, in Brandenburg, Xovember 9. 1522; studied at Frankfort-on-the- Oder and AYittenberg: and in 1548 became rector of the cathedral school of Kiinigsberg. About 1550 he began to devote himself seriously to the- ology, and in 1553 went back to Wittenberg, where he became familiar with Melanchthon and delivered prelections on Loci Communes, whence sprang his own Loci Theolotiici, which for method and learning excels all similar books of the same age. In 1554 he was made a preacher in Brunswick, where he wrote his Repetitio Sance Doctrinw de Vera Prcescnlia Corporis et iiaiigui- iiis Domini in Cccna iiacra (1561), in which he defended Luther's view of the Lord's Supper against that of the Swiss reformers: the Theo- logice Jesuitorum Prwcipua Capita (1562) ; and the Examen Concilii Tridoitini (4 vols., 1565- 73), a work in which he argued with remark- able acuteness and learning against the dogmas of the Church of Rome. His Corpus Dortrina; Prulenicum (1566), written in conjunction with .loachim Mr.rlin, became a standard work of divinity among the Prussian Protestants. But his greatest ecclesiastical achievement was in- ducing the Saxon and Swabian churches to adopt as their confession of faith the Concordien- formel, and thus extending and consolidating the creed of Luther. He died in Brunswick, April 8. 1586. For his life, consult C. G. IT. Lentz (Gotha, 1866). CHEMNITZ, M.^TTHAUS Friedbich (1S15- 70). A German poet, born in Barmstedt, IIol- stein. For a number of years he was editor of the Hamburger yachrichtcn. He is best known as the author of "Schleswig-Holstein meeriim- schlungen." which, as set to music by Bellmann. was cxtremelv popular throughout Germany, par- ticularly in 1848-49 and 1863-64. CHEMNITZER nr KHEMNITZER, kem'nTt- ser, lv.x Iv.vxoviTiii ( 174584 1. .V Russian fabulist, bom at Vcnotaycvsk, .strakhan. the son of a German physician of Chemnitz, wlio had