Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/669

CHEB. 587 CHERBULIEZ. Loire, rising near Crocq. in the Department of Creuse, France (Map: France, H 4). It flows in a tortuous course for 200 miles, in a general northwest direction, until it joins the Loire be- low Tours. It is navigable to Vierzon, 47 miles from its mouth. CHER. A central department of France, to which the river Cher gives its .name. The sur- face is mostly level, traversed by well-wooded elevations, and produces corn, fruits, wine, hemp, flax, etc. The climate is mild and pleas- ant. Area, 2700 square miles. Population, in 180(i. 347,303; in 1!>0I, 342,889. Capital, Bourircs. CHERASCO, kiV-rfis'kA. A city in north Italy, 36 miles south of Turin, near the confluence of the Stura and the Tanaro (Map: Italy, B 3). it has a domed <hurpli, two triumphal arches, a gjTunasium, and a, technical school, markets grain, wine, and truffles, and manufactures silk. The fortifications that made Cherasco important in the Middle Ages were destroyed by the French in 1801. The Peace of Cherasco iu" 1631 ended the Franco-Austrian War, and in 1796 the armistice of Cherasco was followed by the treaty in which the King of Sardinia ceded Savoy and ice to France. Population, in 1881 (com- mune), 9000: in 1901, 90.54. CHERASKOV, kfi-rasTciv, Mikhail ilAT- VEYKVnCII. See KUEB.^SKOFF. CHERAW, chera'. A town in Chesterfield County. S. C, 140 miles north of Charleston, on the Pedee River, and on the Seaboard Air Line and the Atlantic Coast Line railroads (Map: South Carolina. E 2). It has some industries, the most important of which are a canning factory and planing and veneering mills. During the Civil War Cheraw was for a time a depot of supplies for the Confederates. General Sherman captured it on March 3. 1805, and destroyed an immense amount of stores, including 3600 bar- rels of gunpowder. Population, in 1890, 976; in 1900, 1151. CHERBOURG, shar'boor'. A fortified seaport town and arsenal of France, in the Department of Manche. at the mouth of the Divette River and at the head of a deep bay on the northern ex- tremity of the peninsula of Cotentin, on the Eng- lish Channel ( Map : France, E 2 ) . Among its prominent buildings are the Church of Sainte Trinite (Fifteenth Century), lately restored, in front of which is a bronze statue of Napoleon I. ; that of Saint Clement : the Hotel de Ville ; the marine library, containing 25,000 volumes; the museum and theatre. It owes its importance to its defensive and naval works. Napoleon I. began to buihl the great defenses of this northern stronghold of France. His nephew. Napoleon III., developed his plans, but not with the original view of an invasion of England. Occupying a prominent position on the French coast, only some 60 miles removed from the southern shore of England, the harbor works have been extended, t^trengthened. fortified, and provided with cannon, the dfK-kvards improved, and facilities of em- barkation afforded. The vast breakwater of Cherbourg incloses a space of nearly 2000 acres. In connection with its fortifications, this breakwater assumes an importance that attaches to no other work of the kind in ex- istence. At the apex of the angle formed by the meeting of the two branches of the break- VoL. IV.— 38. water, or digue, there is a central fort or bat- tery, measuring 509 feet on the inner line of the parapet, which forms a flat semi-ellipse, nie circular forts at the extremities of the breakwater are remarkably well placed for pur- poses of defense. Behind the centre battery there is an elliptical tower, measuring 225 feet on the major and 123 feet on the minor axis. The en- trances to the harlior are around the. end of the mole: anil the passages are further <lefended by the fortifications of the lie Pclce, and by the bat- teries of La Roche Chavaignac and Fort Querque- ville. A series of coast redoubles, and the two large fortifications of Les Roches dcs Flauands and du Hornet, are situated behind this outer zone of defense. Besides batteries cm the mole, Cherbourg is defended by many regular forts and redoubts. The town itself is commanded by the towering fort and mountain of La Roulc, and Fort d'Oeteville, on the heights behind. The military port of Cherbourg comprises a small outer harbor the entrance to which is 206 feet wide at its narrowest point. This harbor com- municates by means of a lock with a floating basin, 957 feet long by 712 feet wide. The outer harbor has four building slips for first- class ships, besides some smaller slips and a fine graving-dock. In August, 1858. an inner floating harbor was opened. This harbor, entirely cut out of solid rock, has a length of about 930 yards and a breadth of 437 yards, and is sur- rounded by building slips and capacious graving- docks. Cherbourg has a safe and commodious commercial port quite distinct from the other, situated on the southeast. Among its nmuer- ous industries are ship-building, sugar-refin- ing, lace-making, tanning, and dyeing. The United States is represented by a consular agent. Population in 1901, of town, 36,326; of com- mune, 42,938. Cherbourg is a town of Gallic origin, and is identified with the Roman Coriallum. In the Hundred Years' War it was captured by the Eng- lish (141S) after a siege of four months. Init was regained by Charles VII. in 1450, after which it remained in the hands of the French. Louis XIV. attempted to make it a military' fort, but the works were dismantled in 1689. In 1758 the English inflicted severe damage upon the fortifi- cations. On June 19, 1864, the Confederate cruiser Alabama steamed out of Cherbourg Har- bor to meet the Federal war-ship Kearsarge, and during the historic fight that ensued was de- stroyed about nine miles from the harbor. CHERBULIEZ, shar'bu'l.vft', Antoine Ei.i.si^.e (1797-1869). A Swiss political economist and jurist, professor of economics in Geneva and afterwards in the National Polytechnic School in Zurich. He was a contributor to cyclopa>dias and periodicals, and the author of De la democratie en Suisse (1845) ; Le socialisme c'est la barharie (1848): and PrMs de la science economique (1862). CHERBULIEZ. shar'bi.i'lyft'. Charles Victob (1829-99). cosmopolitan French novelist, son of a professor in Geneva, where ho was born, and where he studied history and iihilosophy. as well as in Paris. Bonn, and Berlin, lie taught. and then traveled widelv. gathering nuitcrial that he afterwards use<l in social and political essavs. and also in his novels. Of bis writings the first. Apropos d'uii chernl ( 1860) . was archa-o- logical; others were scientific. He first caught