Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/684

CHEVALIER AIT CYGNE. 600 CHEVIOT HILLS. as Helias, occurring in tlic Icclamlic Sagas, the legends of Germany and Flanders, and the early French romances. In the hitter he is made grandfather to Godfrey de Bouillon. His name is more especially familiar as the title of a set of chansons composed shortly after the Crusades, among the individual titles of which are: "An- tioche;" "Les Chetifs;" and "Les Enfances de (;odefroy." CHEVALIER DE MAISON ROUGE, d< ma'zoN' roMzh (Fr., knighl of the red house). A novel by the elder Dumas, published in 1S46 in Paris. CHEVALIER DE SAINT GEORGE, de sax zhorzli ( Fr.. kniglit of .Saint tieorge). A title assumed by the 'Old Pretender,' James Stuart. CHEVALIER D'HARMENTAL, dar'niiiN'- tal', Li: ( Fr., the knight of lluiiiicntal) . A novel by Dumas p^re, published in Paris in 1843, and adapted for the stage in 1849. A share of the authorship of the work is to be ascribed to M. Auguste jiaquet. CHEVALIER D'INDUSTRIE, dax'du'stre' (Fr.. knight of industry). . man wlio lives by expedients and trickery. The term is derived from a comedy in verse of that name by Alex- andre Duval, in five acts, which was presented at the Theatre Frangais, cm .()ril .'i. 1809. The hero, Saint-Remi, is a cheralicr d'indiistrie, who palms himself oft' as a gentleman of qtiality. The scene is laid in the home of a rich merchant, where, after a number of diverting escapades, Saint-Remi's roguery is finally exposed. It is one of the weakest of Duval's jihiys. CHEVALIER SANS PEUR ET SANS RE- PROCHE. siix i>fr tt siix ra'prosh'. See B.Y- ARi), Pierre du Terr.il. CHEVATJX-DE-FRISE, she-v.Vdp-frez' (Fr., horses of Fric-ilaiuU. An array of sharp or ragged points placed in a position toward the CHETACX-DE-FKISE, enemy and designed to stay his advance. They are usually made of wood or iron, and are as a rule a substitute for regular abatis. See Abatis and Fortificatiox. CHEVfiCHE, she-vesh', or CIVET'TA. The common names in France an<l Italy, respectively. of the 'little owl' (C'liinr noclim) — the bird of Pallas Athene, and hence the emblem of Athens, and associated with Minerva and the idea of Wis- d(nu. See GwL, and Plate of Owi.s. CHEVEREL, shev'cr-rl. Sir Christopher and l.AOV. C'liaracters in Mr. (lilfil's Lore Slori/. a tale among George Eliot's Hrenes of Clerical lAfe. It is at their country house that Jlr. Gil- fil first meets Caterina and learns to love her, in spite iif her passion for the Chevcrels' nephew. CHEVERNY, she-vilr'nc', P]|ilii>i>e Hiralt, Count de (1.528-99). A French statesman and author. He was horn at Cheverny, in Brittany, and was aiipointed Cliancellor in 15(12. through the inlluence of Catherine de' Medici. I'ndcr her son, Henry 111., hfe became Guard of the Seals (1578), and Chancellor of France (1581), but fell into disgrace by supporting the League, and was deprived of his post in 1588. In 1590 he was restored to favor by Henry IV., whom he served until his death. Count de Cheverny was the author of Mimoircs d'estat (1030). CHEVERT, she-var', Francois de (1095- 1709). A French general. He was born at Verdtni, and took part in nearly all of the im- ]H)rtant campaigns fought during the reign of Louis XV. Marshal Saxe placed him in com- mand of the grenadiers at the liaille of Prague, and Chevert and his sergeant, Pascal, were the iirst to mount the walls of the city. It was his skillful manieuvre also that decided the battle of llastendjcck, gained by JIarshal d'Estrees over the Duke of Cumberland. He became lieutenant- general in 1748. CHEVES, ehevz, Laxgdon (1770-1857). An Anii-rican lawyer and statesman, sometimes called 'the Hercules of the United States Bank.' He was born in Abbeville' County, S. C. : was self-educated; was admitted to the Charleston liar in 1797, and rapidly rose to eminence as a lawyer. In ISOS he became Attorney licncral of his State, and. after serving three terms in the South Carolina Legislature, was elected to Congress by the Young Republican Party in 181 1. In Congress he was closely associated with William Lowndes. Henry Clay, and .Tohn C. Calhoun, and formed with them the celebrat- ed "War Mess.' He served as S])eaker in 1814, and by his easting vole defeated the Dallas Bill for re-chartering the United States Bank. In 1814, refusing the Treasury portfolio in Jladi- son's Cabinet recently vacated by (iallatin, he re- sumed the practice of law in South Carolina, and from 1810 to 1819 w-as one of the associate justices of the State. In January. 1819. he was elected one of the directors of the United States Bank, an<l in the following Marcli was chosen to succeed Mr. .Tones as president of that in- stitution. The baidc was then in a deplorable condition, and insolvency seemed almost in- evitable; but Cheves set about restoring its orcdit. and, by continuing a previous policy of curtailing the note issues, by enforcing a rigid collection of all balances due from local banks, and by securing a loan of $2,000,000 in Europe, he fully acconi|)lislicd his purpose within tliree years. In December, 1822. he resigned, and was succeeded by Nicholas Biddle (q.v.). Subsequent- ly, tuitil his death, he lived in retirement, first in Philadelphia, then in Lancaster, Pa., and finally in Charleston, S. C. ; but in 1850 he went as a delegate to the celebrated Nashville Cimference, where he expressed himself in favor of a South- ern Confederacy, but strongly de|)recated anv independent action by se])arate Southern States. A brief account of his services to the United States Bank is given in the Annual lieport of ihr American Historical Association for ISOG (Washington. 1897). CHEVIOT HILLS. . mountain range in the c(jnntii's of Xortluuiiberland and Roxburgh, on the English and Scotcli Ixn-ders, I'xtending 35 miles, from near the junctiim of the Till and Tweed in the northeast, to the sources of the Liddel in the southwest (Map: England, D 1).