tion, rotundity, and corporeity cannot exist. But chiaroscuro is more than that element which gives volume to an object or group of objects; it is at its best that pervading sense of light which merges into shadow still carrying the qualities of light and color with it, so that the whole object may be homogeneous in color. Painters often fail to produce this effect, and the color of an object, after merging into shadow, loses in some hands, in the shadowed portion, the quality that rightly belongs to it. Chiaroscuro was used by Italian painters of the Renaissance, as by Raphael in his “Liberation of Saint Peter” (Vatican), but not generally until Correggio, the chief effect of whose paintings depends upon this quality, which he mastered with consummate skill. Among the Germans it was practiced especially by Grünewald. The second great master of this art was Rembrandt, into whose very depths of shadow we may look and still feel a sense of light reaching thither.
CHIASMA, kī̇-ăz′mȧ. See Decussation.
CHIASMUS, kī̇-ăz′mŭs. See Syntax, Figures of.
CHIASTOLITE, kī̇-ăs′tō̇-līt (from Gk. χιαστός, chiastos, diagonal, from χιάζειν, chiazein, to yawn, from χῖ, chi, name of the twenty-second letter of the Greek alphabet + λίθος, lithos, stone). A dark-colored variety of andalusite, consisting of stout crystals which, owing to a regular arrangement of carbonaceous impurities through the interior, show in cross-section a colored cross. This mineral is found in Andalusia, Spain, in Tyrol, in Saxony, in Austria, and elsewhere in Europe, where it is frequently sold as a gem, and, owing to the cross-like appearance, is prized, especially among the lower classes. In the United States the best chiastolites are found in Lancaster and Westford, Mass., and especially in Mariposa County, Cal.
CHIAVARI, kyä′vȧ-rē̇. A maritime city in Italy, 24 miles east-southeast of Genoa (Map: Italy, D 3). Numerous old towers, one of them of considerable size, are scattered through the town, which has a handsome new city hall, statues of Garibaldi and Mazzini, by Rivalta, attractive public gardens, good bathing, a technical and nautical school, and a gymnasium. It is a market for wine, oil, cheese, and fish, and manufactures lace, silk, and furniture, particularly the slender chairs called sedi di Chiavari. Chiavari is a starting-point for the ascent of Mount Penna; altitude, 5690 feet. Population, in 1881 (commune), 12,000; in 1901, 12,500.
CHIAVENNA, kyä-vĕn′nȧ (Lat. Clavenna, probably from clavis, key). A town in north Italy, picturesquely situated north of Lake Como, on the Mera, at the mouth of the Bregaglia Valley, through which passes the road to the Engadine. The beautiful Church of San Lorenzo has a campanile rising from an arcaded inclosure, and a baptistery containing a Thirteenth-Century font (Map: Italy, D 1). Interesting, also, are the ruins of an unfinished castle, and the Giants' Kettles (marmitta dei giganti), in the Capiola Valley. The chief trade is in fruit and wine, and the chief manufactures are silk, cotton, beer, and a coarse ware cut out of a soft stone found in the neighborhood. The situation made the ancient Clavenna one of the most important keys to the Alps. Population, in 1881 (commune), 4292; in 1901, 4788.
CHIBA, chē′bä. A prefectural town of Japan, situated on the coast, about 17 miles by rail from Tokio. It yields large quantities of marine products. Population, in 1898, 26,233.
CHIB′CHA, or Muysca (So. Amer. Indian, men). An important nation or confederacy centring, at the time of the Spanish Conquest, on the upper Magdalena River, about Bogotá, Colombia, their language being the general trade language throughout the whole mountain region of that country. Detached tribes of the same stock were fouud along the isthmus, and in Costa Rica. In culture the Chibchas ranked close to the Quichuas, practicing agriculture by the aid of an extensive system of irrigation, weaving cotton cloth, and working gold with a high degree of skill, although ignorant of the use of copper and bronze. They offered heroic resistance to the Spaniards, but were finally subdued and well-nigh exterminated, only a few remnants still surviving in their native mountains.
CHIBOUQUE or CHIBOUK, chĭ-bo͞ok′ (Turk, chibuq, small stick, tube of the pipe). A tobacco-pipe used in Turkey and Egypt, having a long wooden stem, often of valuable material, a mouthpiece of glass or amber, and a bowl of baked clay.
CHIC, shē̇k (Fr., probably from Ger. Geschick, fate, destiny, skill, dexterity, knack). A word in modern colloquial use, of foreign origin. The term is used in painting to express the art of giving efficiency in the most dexterous manner possible, with ability and adroitness closely united. The word is also employed in connection with fashion; and, spoken of in this sense, means style, manner, grace, and ‘go.’ Although of German origin, it has been received into general usage through the French, the language which fixed the present form of the word. See Pschutt.
CHICA, chē′kȧ (So. Amer.). A dye-stuff, which gives an orange-red color to cotton. It is obtained by boiling the leaves of a species of Bignonia (Bignonia Chica, Humb.), a native of the banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. The Indians use it for painting their bodies.
CHICA, chē′kȧ (So. Amer. Indian), Pito, Peso, or Maize Beer. A fermented liquor made from maize or Indian corn. It is much used in some parts of South America. See Beer.
CHICA (Sp., fem. of chico, small, from Lat. ciccus, trifle). A lively dance, popular in Spain and in South America as well; possibly of Moorish origin.
CHICAGO, shĭ-ka̤′gō̇ The county-seat of Cook County, Ill., the second city in population and importance of the United States, and the railroad centre and commercial metropolis of the West (Map: Illinois, E 2). It is situated on the southwest shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouths of the Chicago and Calumet rivers, in latitude 41° 53′ 6″ N., longitude 87° 38′ 1″ W.; distant 2417 miles from the Pacific coast, 911 from New York, 811 from Washington, and 915 from New Orleans.
Description. The city, one of the few great metropolises of the world built directly on a lake-front, extends along the lake for 24 miles, occu-
