CHIGOE. 619 CHILD. which to rub infestod parts of their bodies after the day"s manli. CHIHUAHUA, che-wii'wa (Aztec, water- coui>i). An inland Stale of Mexico, bounded on the north hy the liiiled States, on the east by the Mexican State of Coahuila, on the south bv Duran;ro, and on the west by Sinaloa and Sonora. Area, 87.802 square niU's. The sur- face is on the whole elevated, with a number of isolated peaks in the east and a well-marked mountain chain, known as the Sierra Mailre, on the we.st. The State is well watered, and its cliief river is the Rio Conchos, a tributary of the Rio Grande. The climate is somewhat dry and healthful, and the soil fertile, producing corti, ->vheat. several kinds of vegetables, and fruit, in- cluding grapes. Cottcm is also grown success- fully. The forests are found mostly in .the mountainous districts of the west. Chihuahua has considerable mineral deposits, its silver- mines being among the richest in the republic. Some of them were worked by the Indians at tiie time of the Spanish Conquest. The State is traversed from north to south by the Mexican Central Railway. Population, in'l895, 200,008; in 1000, 327,004. A considerable portion of the population is Creole or white; the rest consists of Indians partly civilized. There are some Apaches in the mountains, who still continue their forays on the settlements. The close of the Nineteenth Century, however, witnessed great changes In the status of the State. Large numbers of foreigners, chiefly Americans, have secured control of the industries, and have al- ready raised the State to a leadmg place in the republic. Capital, Chihuahua. CHIHUAHUA. The capital of the North Mexican State of the same name, on the Mexi- can Central Railway (ilap: Mexico, F .3). It* is situated at an elevation of about 4(550 feet, on the Chihuahua River, in a plain surrounded by mountains, and it is regularly built, with broad, well-kept streets. It has a fine public square, in which is a monument erected to Hidalgo and his generals, the leaders of the Revo- hition of 1810. The parish church, completed in 1789, is the most pretentious building, and other features of interest are a college, formerly be- longing to the Jesuits, and an aqueduct which dates from the close of the Seventeenth Cen- tury. The city is the centre of a rich silver- miiiing district, and is known also for its stock- raising and industrial interests, the cotton and woolen mills being among the most important in the republic. Fruits, particularly grapes and tigs, are grown extensively in the adjacent re-
- ion. A United States consulate is located here.
Chihuahua was founded in 1.539, and foniierly was a much larger city, its population in the Eighteenth Ccnturv having reached 70,000. Poi.ulation, in 1895] 18,279. CHIKARA, chc'-kii'ra. See Chocsingha. CHILAN BALAm, ch^-lan' bA-liim', Books Of. The native name given to a series of Maya- Spanish documents still preserved among the Maya of Yucatan, based on more ancient na- tive records destroyed at the time of the Span- ish Conquest, and relating to the history, reli- gion, culture, and social organization of the Maya people before the advent of the white man. The name signific literally 'tiger-mouth.' and figuratively 'priestly interpreter.' See disserta- VOL. IV. — JU. tion in Brinton's Essays of an Americanist (Phil- adelphia, 1870). CHILBLAIN, or Frostbite. A dermatitis, or skin disease with inllannnation, following exposure of the feet to the cold and to chafing or |)ressure in the shoes, or rarely of the temple, nose, chin, and cheeks. The lesion is a small <iv: or round patch of reddened and elevated tissue with a jjurplish centre. Ulceration or even sloughing may follow, in the severe eases; but in the ordinary chilblain, or pernio, there is only itching, burning, and stinging of the spots when warm, with a tenderness on pressure. Tincture of iodine, tincture of the chloride of iron, tincture of camphor, are all efficacious. Sweating of the feel should be avoided. Socks should be changed whenever moist, and cotton socks should be worn in winter. General tonic treatment and outdoor exercise should be taken. CHILD, Fbaxcls ,Umes (1825-96). A dis- tinguished American scholar and teacher. He was born in Boston, educated there in the public schools, and was graduated, at the head of his class, from Harvard in 1846. He Immediately entered into the service of the college, becoming in 1851 Boylston professor of rhetoric and ora- tory, and in 1876 professor of English, which post he held tmtil his death, September II, 1896. His native zeal for learning and genuine love of literature, supplemented by a thorough knowl- edge of the best in foreign scholarship, enabled him not only to make his courses at Hairard very valuable, but also to enrich American schol- arship with a series of excellent editions and studies. His contributions are an edition of FoHr Old Plays (1848) ; the Poetical ^Vorks of Edmund Spenser (1855), which remains the best edition of the poet, and which was his special contribution to the American edition of the British poets, of which lie was general editor; Observations on the Lunijuage of Chaucer (1862) : Ohserintions on the Language of Gow- er's Confessio AmanJis (1866) ; and his greatest work, the definitive and monumental edition of the English and Scottish Ballads. This was first issued in eight small volumes (Boston, 1857-58), and, after a most painstaking research and revision, appeared in ten large volumes (Boston, 1882-98). For biographical sketches of Professor Child, consult: Norton, in Vol. VI. of the Harvard Graduates' Magazine (Boston, 1899), and Kittredge. in the revised edition of the English and Scottish Ballads. CHILD, Sir .Tostaii (1630-99). An eminent London merchant, and one of the popular Eng- lish writers on commerce and political economy. He was the second .son of Richard Child, a merchant of London. His principal work is en- titled Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of iloneii (1668) : a second edition, much enlarged, entitled .4 A'eic Discourse of Trade, was published in 1690. In this work he explains his plans for the relief and employ- ment of the poor, including the substitution of districts or unions for iiarishes. and for the com- pulsory transportation of paupers to the colonies. He was one of the directtus. and for some time chairman, of the East India Company, and is said to have written several tracts in defense of the trade to the East Indies, which were pub- lished anonymously. In 1678 he was created a baronet. He died June 22. 1699.
