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CHILD PSYCHOLOGY. 623 CHILE. tions of untrained persons, it will never replace the more subtle nietliods of psychology. hiRLiOGK.iPiiY. Preyer, The Mind of the Child: I. The Senses und the Will (New York, ISSS) ; II. The Deieloyment of the Intellect (Xew York, 18S9) ; Perez, First Three Years of Childhood (Syracuse. IS'J'J) ; Oppenlieiiu, The Development of the Child (Xew York, 1898); Chamberlain, The Child: A ,St>uh) in the Evolution of Man (London. 1900) : Sl'iinn, Xoff.s- on the Develop- mrnt of the Child (Xew Y'ork, 1893). CHILDREN, Societies for. In modem charitable work, great emphasis is laid upon work for the thildnn, as they stand in the great- est need of protection and assistance, and can be most easily intluenced for the better. The chil- dren's aid societies and foundling hospitals care for the dependent children and find homes for them, while the Humane Association and So- ciety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children shield them from abuse. .Juvenile ofTenders are trained in industrial schools and refonnatories. There are homes for crippled children, special hospitals for the sick, cr&ches for those whose mothers must work, schools for the deaf and dumb, the blind and feeble-minded. Boys' and girls' clubs are found in all cities. Home libra- ries bring books within easy reach. In some States boards of children's guardians become responsible for those left destitute. See De- PEXllEXT C'-IIIOREX : PeNOI OGY. CHILDREN IN THE "WOOD, The. A Brit- isli ballad, better known under the- title of "The Babes in the Wood." According to Ritson, it "appears to have been written in 1595, being en- tered that year on the Stationers' Books." Bish- op Percy considers the subject to have been de- rived from an old play by Roljert Yarrington (IGOl), which tells of "a young child, murthered in a wood by two ruffins with the consent of his unkle." As the scene of the latter piece, however, is laid in Padua, not in Xorfolk. Percy's reasons for a later date are by no means con- clusive. As a matter of fact, nothing is defi- nitely known of the authorship or date of the poem. A black-letter copy, very old; was con- tained in Pepys's collection, and bore the title, The Children in the Wood, or the Xorfolk Gentle- man's Last Will and Testament ; to the tune of Uoger. CHILDREN OF THE MIST. In Scott's ],e</Fiid of Montrose, a wild race of Scotch High- landers, a branch of the MacGregors. Landseer has painted a picture with the same title. CHILDREN'S AID SOCIETY. An asso- ciation for rescuing neglected, wavAvard. and de- pendent children. The first was started in Xew Y'ork City in 1853, by Charles L. Brace. Its ob- jects are to rescue neglected and dependent chil- dren, train them, and find situations and homes, chiefly in country districts. These and similar societies, under various names, are found in all cities, and have done a valuable work. See De- PENDEXT ClIII.DREX. CHILDREN'S CRUSADE. A disastrous ex- pedition, undertaken in 1212. by large bands of children from France anil Germany to recover the Holy Sepulchre. The movement was begun by itinerant priests, who promised the children divine assistance and miraculous intervention. It is said that 50.000 boys and girls took part in the fatal journey. Tlie German division, after great hardship, reached Genoa, where, disap- pointed in the expected miracle of a dry path through the sea, they dispersed, some renuiining and being absorbed in Genoese families, while the remainder with difiiculty made their way home. The French army, after similar experi- ences, reached Marseilles, where some traders of- fered to convey them free of charge in seven ships to the Holy Land. Tw-o of the vessels foundered on the voyage; two others reached Alexandria, where the traders sold all the chil- dren into slavery and none were returned. CHILDS, George Wilm.m (1829-94).' An American publisher and philanthropist. He was born in Baltimore, entered the navy in 1842, and spent fifteen months in the service. He then became a clerk in a bookstore in Philadelphia, but established an independent business in 1847. and in 1849 became a partner in the publishing house of Childs & Peterson. In 1864 he pur- chased the Philadelphia Public Ledger, one of the earliest cheap newspapers of the country, which under him attained a wide circulation and influence. His public gifts were munificent, in- cluding a memorial window in Westminster Abbey" to Cowper and George Herbert: one in Saint Jlargaret's, Westminster, to ililton; a reredos in Saint Thomas's, Winchester, com- memorating Bishops Ken and Andrews ; a monu- ment at Kensal Green to Leigh Hunt; a memo- rial fountain at Stratford-ouAvon : and in the United States, the presentation to the Typo- graphical Society of Philadelphia of the print- ers' cemetery, 'Woodlands,' in that city: the erection of monuments over the graves of Edgar A. Poe and Richard A. Proctor; the erection of a stone cross on the site of the first Christian service on the California coast, at Point Reyes; and a subscription that made possible the erec- tion and endowment of the Home for Union Printers at Colorado Springs. His benefactions to private persons also were large. Childless himself, he educated as many as eight hundred boys and girls. He constantly had a number of aged literarj' workers on his private pension list, and made many gifts and loans to struggling authors. He frequently bought up an entire edi- tion of some book of an author whom he wished to aid. In 1885 he published ReeoUections of General Grant, and in 1890 a volume of Per- sonal Recollections. CHILD-STUDY. See Child PsychoivOGT. CHILE, chela, or CHILI, che'le (an Indian name whose origin has not been satisfactorily explained, no less than six derivations having been suggested; perhaps from the Quichua ehiri or chili, cold, referring to the perpetual snow on many of the mountains). A republic in Soith America, occupying the western coast of the con- tinent from the river Samu, 17° 57' S.. down to Cape Horn. By the latest arrangement of the boundary line in the southern part of the repub- lic, all the territory south of latitude 52° S. be- longs to Chile, with the exception of the eastern half of the Tierra del Fuego Territory and Staten Island, both assigned to .rgcntina. Chile is bounded by Peru on the north, Bolivia and Argentina on the cast, and the Pacific on the south and west. Thus defined, Chile has a length of aliout 2700 miles, while its width varies from about 250 miles in the Province of Anto- fagasta to about 68 miles in its narrowest part»