Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/729

CHIMES. 633 CHIMNEY. miiiiber fioiii five to twelve, and is rung by s«in;;ing, caiisiii<; the flapper inside to strike the bell. With this limited seale. and the rather uneertain niethoil of producing the tone, only very simple diatonic melodies ' are possible. Carilloits are more elaborate affairs, in which the bells are stationary, and are rung by strik- ing on the outside with a hammer. Carillons were formerly played by a performer, who struck the huge keys that connected with the hammer, and with his feet operated the jicdals that com- municated with the larger bells. His place is now tisually taken by machinery. The number of bells in a carillon varies from ten to forty, or even more; the famous one at Ghent has 48. Chimes have been introduced into many Amer- ican churches. Those of Christ Church in Phila- delphia, Christ Church in Boston, and Trinity Church in Xew York are probably the oldest in the United States. The chimes of the old Christ Church of Philadelphia have an historic interest. The bells were sent from Kngland as a present from Queen Anne, and during the Kevolution they were taken down and simk in the Delaware River, as it was feared the British might capture them. At the close of the war they were re- hung in the old belfry. Among the celebrated chimes of Europe are those of Copenhagen, Ghent, and Amsterdam. The word chimes is here used in its general sense, including both carillons and the smaller set of bells. See Bell. CHIMES, The; A Goblin Story of Some Bells that Rang ax Old Ye.b out axd a Xew Year ix. A Christmas tale by Charles Dickens, written in Genoa in 1844 and published in Lon- don in December of the same year. It was illus- trated by Doyle. Leech, JIaclise, and Stanfleld. CHIMESYAN, chim'f-syim. A considerable tribe about the mouth of the Skeena River, lati- tude 54° X., British Columbia. They are ath- letic and well formed, practice tattooing and wear labrets, together with rings in the nose and ears, but do not flatten the head as do the more southern tribes. They arc expert fishermen, weavers, and basket-makers, and live in large communal houses of boards, with gable roofs and verandas. They have the clan system and are organized into three distinct social orders. Slav- ery also exists among then), as among other tribes of the northwest coast. They have many cere- monial customs, including the potlatch (q.v.). The name is said to signify people living 'on the main river.' i.e. the Skeena. They number now about 24.50 in British Columbia besides some (iOO who have within recent years crossed the line into Alaska. (See Metlakaiitla.) The Chinies- yan. with the Xass tribes adjoining them on the north, con.stitute together a distinct linguistic stock. CHIMTHIE FAU'DEN. A character invented by Kiiward W. Townsend. and introduced in sketches published in the Xew York Sun, Hai'- per's WccKly, the C'entiini magazine, an<l in book form. Chimmie is a 'buttons.' who utters quaint ])hilosophy and humor in a picturesque dialect. CHIMNEY (Fr. chemin/e. :ML. caminatn, fireplace, from Lat. cnminns. hearth, from Gk. xdiuns, kfiminon, oven, furnace). . vertical structure of stone, briek. or metal, containing an internal passageway or flue through which the snnke and waste gases of eoTr.bvstion are carried ofT from a furnace, fireplace, stove, etc. Chimneys also perform the important function of supplying draught to the fire from which they receive the smoke ;.nd waste gases. The actio.t of the chimney depends upon the simple prin- ciple that a column of heated air is lighter than a cooler colunui of equal height ; when therefore a fine full of heated air comnuniirates freely by the lower part with the cooler air around it. the greater weight of the latter pushes the warm air upward, and thus an ascending current is produced. Otlicr conditions being equal, the draught of a chimney will vary as the square root of the height. The straighter and more per- pendicular the chinuiey. the stronger will be the dratlght, because the friction of the ascending' current will be less, and the cooling efTect of a long and tortuous course will be saved. The maximum etli<iency of a given chimney is at- taineil when all the air that passes up it enters by the bottom of the fire. In this case, its tem- perature is raised to the uttermost by passing through the whole of the fire, and the fire is at the same time urged to increased combustion by the blast thus obtained. A powerful furnace may be constructed by connecting a suitable fire- place, capable of being closed all rovnid excepting at the bottom, with a tall chimney: and the- amount of draught may be regulated by in- creasing or diminishing the aperture through which the air is admitted to the bottom of the fireplace, or by an adjustable opening above the fireplace, which will diminish the efTcctive draught, as its size is increased, or by a combina- tion of both of these contrivances. Often an arti- ficial cr forced draught is given to a chimney by means of a fan or blower, a steam-jet, or the exhaust of a steam-engine which is so arranged that it forces a current of air upward through the flue. There is reason to believe that the chimney, in its present sense of a funnel from the hearth or fireplace to the roof of the house, is a modern invention. In Greek houses it is supposed that there were no chinmeys, and that the smoke es- caped through a hole in the roof. What the ar- rangement was in houses in which there was an ui)per story is not known: perhaps the smoke was conveyed by a short funnel through the side- wall of the house, which seems to have been the first form of chimney invented in the Middle .ges. The Roman camintis. again, was not a chimney, but a sort of stove; and it has been a subject of much dispute whether the Romans had any arti- ficial mo<le of carrying off the smoke, or whether it was allowed to escape through the doors, win- dows, and openings in the roof. As the climate and the habits of the people both led to the houses of the ancients being very nuich more open than ours are. it is probable that the occa- sional fires which they had of wood or chareofil may have given them no great inconvenience. It is known, besides, that the rooms in Roman houses were frequently heated by means of hot air, which was brought in pipes from a furnace below. In Kngland there is no evidence of the use of chimney-shafts earlier than the Twelfth Century. In Rochester Castle (c. ll.'?0). com- plete fireplaces appear: but the flues go only a few feet >ip in the thickness of the wall, and are then turned out through the wall to the back of the fireplace, the openings being small oblong holes. The earliest chimney-shafts are circular. and of considerable height. Afterwards chir.i-