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CAXMET. 51 CALOPHYXLUM. raiMe (Xancy, 1728, 4 vols.; 2(1 ed. 1745-47, G vols.) is founded on orifrinal researches. Solid criticism and independent judgment are wanting in all liis works. For his life, consult: Fange (Senones. 17li-2) ; A. Digot (Nancy, 18G1) ; and on his correspondence, P. E. Guillaume (XancT, 1875). CALM LATITUDES. The portion of the ocean which lies between the northern and smith- ern ti'ades, and where calms of long duration ai'e likely to prevail. They vary with tlie season of the year and the consequent shifting of the trade-wind belts. Tlie term is also applied to the region along the polar edge of the trade-wind belts, which is called the Horse Latitudes. See DoLDRUilS. CAXMON, kal'mox', ^VLvRC AxTorNTS (1815- 1890). A French statesman. He was born in Tamui&s (Dordogne), and studied law in Paris. In 1871 he became Under-Secretary of State in the Department of the Interior, and in Decem- ber, 1872, he was appointed prefect of the De- partment of the Seine, which position he held until the downfall of the Thiers Ministry. In 1S73 he was elected to the Xational Assembly. His valuable works on political economy include the following: Les imputs avant 17S9' (1865) ; ^yiUiam Pitt, etude financicre et parlementaire (1865); Uistmre parlementaire des finances de la Rcstatiration (1868-70) ; FAude des finances de VAngleterre dcpiiis la reforme de Robert Peel, jusqu'en ISC'J (1870). He also edited Thiers's Discours parlementaires (15 vol., Paris, 1879- 83). CALOMARDE, ka'16-mar'da, Francisco Ta- DEO, Count (1775-1842). A Spanish statesman. He was born at Villel, in Aragon, studied in Saragossa. and became an advocate. During the wars of Xapoleon he remained loyal to the na- tional cause, and after the expulsion of the French and the return of Ferdinand VII. in 1814, Calomarde was among the first to hurr^' to Aragon and do homage to him as absolute monarch. As a reward of his obsequious celer- ity he obtained a post in the Council for the Indies, but lost it on account of accepting a bribe. On the restoration of the Constitution in 1820 he unsuccessfully courted the favor of the Liberals: but when the French Armv in 1823 restored the authority of Ferdinand VII. Calo- marde was apjiointed secretary of the cdmara del real pntrannto, one of the most influen- tial offices in the kingdom. Not long after the King made him Minister of Justice. While he held this office he showed himself an uncompro- mising enemy of free thought and progress, and a friend of the old ecclesiastical supremacy. He also secretly favored the party of Don Carlos, but by treating any unseasonal)le outbreak with great cruelty lie preserved himself from the sus- picion of being implicated in Carlist schemes. In 1832, when Ferdinand was suppose<l to be on his deathbed, he was prevailed on by Calomarde to reintroduce the Salic law, by which the In- fanta Isabella was excluded from the throne, and Don Carlos, the favorite of the Absolutists, was appointed successor. The unexpected recov- ery of the King fru.strated Calomarde's schemes, and he fled in disgrace to France. He died in Toulouse, (,'onsult. Cardenas, ida de Calomarde (Madrid, 1841-4t'). CAL'OMEL (Gk. (toXis, kalos, beautiful -f fifKas, iiii'las. black; so called because white, though prepared from black substance). The popular name given to one of the compounds of mercury and chlorine, and known as the sub- chloride or mild chloride of mercury, with the symbol HgX'K. It is a heavy, white, tasteless and odorless powder, insoluble in water, ether or alcohol. It is used in medicine principally to stimulate the flow of bile in the case of a slug- gish liver, or to unload the intestines (with the help of a saline cathartic), or to carry olT fer- menting substances in the digestive tract. It is a valuable adjunct to quinine in malarial fever. The medicinal dose of calomel is from one-half a grain to ten grains. F.xcessive doses, or the retention in the system of one large dose, cause swelling of the tongue and gums, and salivation. See ilERCCRY. CALOKNE, ka'hm', Charles Alexandre de (1734-18U2). French Minister of Finance imder l.buis XVI. He was born .January 20, 1734, in Douai. As advocate-general, procurator-general and intendant, he had displayed many brilliant but imsubstantial qualities, when, in 1783, at the instance of his patron, Comte d'Artois, and Jlarie Antoinette, he was smnmoned by the King to be- come Comptroller-General of the Finances. The treasury then was in hopeless disorder, and the whole financial system of the kingdom was inade- quate to meet the demands of the extravagant Court and administration. Calonne's policy, whereby he hoped to give satisfaction where the others had not, is best exhibited in his own words: "A man who wishes to borrow money must appear to be rich, and in order to appear rich it is neces- sary to make a display of expenditure. Economy is doubly fatal; it warns the capitalists not to lend to a treasury involved in debt; it causes the arts to languish, while prodigality enriches them." Thus he won the enthusiastic admira- tion of the Court, by actually encouraging that extravagance which he regarded as necessary to bolster up credit. When the t,)ueen came to "him for an unusually large sum of money, he is said to have replied: '-What you wish, madame, shall be done, if it is possible: and if it is not pos- sible — it shall still be done!" But Calonne soon found that public credit requires some more sub- stantial foundation than mere display. Both credit and taxation had reached their" absolute limits. A crisis had arrived, with which neither .Minister nor King could deal. An Assembly of Xotables was therefore called and Calonne opened its session in February, 1787, with a glowing account of the nationalprosperity, but urged the necessity of certain reforms in' taxation. The Xotables required an account, which revealed his mismanagement, and he was dismissed and ex- iled. He died in 1802. Ccmsult the authorities referred to under France for this period. CAL'OPHYL'LUM (Xeo-Lat., from Gk.KaUs, kalos, beautiful + ipiiAAov, phyllon, leaf). A genus of trees of the order Guttifera;, natixes of wann climates. Some of the species yield valu- able timber, as the piney-tree (Calophylliim an- gustifolium), which grows at Pcnang and in the islands to the eastward of the Bay of Bengal, attaining large proportions in ravines and nar- row, moist valleys, and furnishes the beautiful straight spars called 'Boon.' The resinous prod- ucts of some species are valuable, and among