Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/768

CHIRON. 670 CHITIN. befriended and educated by Chiron, among others Achilles, Acta-on, Alcon, and even Apollo. He was acquainted with the art of healing, and was consiilered the inventor of the lyre. CHIROPTERA, ki-rop'te-ri (NeoLat. nora. pi., fniiii (ik. xf'p. cluir, hand + irTepAi/, pteron, wing I . An order of mammals, the bats, char- acterized by the possession of membranous wings {patagia} supimrted upon the highly modilied bones of all liml)s, and extended l)y the greatly prolonged metacarpals and phalanges of the iiianus. (For det;iils, sec H.T. ) This order is regarded as an ancient ottshoot of the Insec- tivora, to which it is allied in dentition and many features of internal structure; it is also allied to the Primates in dental characters, and espe- cially in the structure and external diaracter- istics of the generative organs. Hence it is usually classified in a linear arrangement next to the Insectivora. It is dividcil into two sub- orders — Fnigiiurous Mepachirrjiilcni, or fruit-eat- ers, and Aiiimnlirorous M icrochiruptcrd, or insect- eaters. Geologically the history of the order begins in the Kocene Age. CHIROTHETIIUM. See Cheibotuemum. CHIR PHEASANT, cher fez'ant. A crested pheasant (Catrcjis ^yalli■chi) of the middle ranges of the Himalaya, which varies from the true pheasants in lacking the bright metallic plumage, and in other details. CHI'RTJ (Hind., from Tibetan). An ante- lope [I'aulhdloiis fludgsoni) inhabiting the pine forests and elevated plains of Tibet. It is about 32 inches in height, pale fawn in color, with a black face in the bucks, and these alone have hmg. gazelle-like horns. They sometimes gather in autumn into great herds, and always tax the stalker's patience by their watchfulness. CHISELHURST, chtz"l-herst, or CHISLE- HiURST. A parish in Kent, England. 11 miles southeast of London. It was here, at Camden House, that the exiled Napoleim III. fi.xed his residence in 1871, and died January 9. 1873. Chiselhurst remained the residence of the Em- press Eugenie lintil 1880. Population, in 1901, 7400 CHISELMOTJTH. A large, blackish chub {Acroclirilns nhitacius) of the Columbia River, also called 'hardmouth' and 'squaremonth,' in reference to the blunt, fleshy mouth, the lower lip of which is covered with a firm, sharp-edged cartilaginous i)late. It is occasionally eaten. CHISHOLM, chlz'om, Mrs. Cabolime (.Tones) (ISOS-TT). An English phil.-inthropist. She established at iladras an industrial school for the daughters of poor soldiers, and in 1838 went with her husband to Australia. She founded at Sydney homes for the recejition of female colonists, and aided many wives and children of liberated convicts to leave England and join their husbands and parents, establish- ing therefor the Family Colonization Loan So- ciety. CHISHOLM, William Wallace (1830-77). An American ollicial. bom in Morgan Cotmty, Ga. As a Union sympathizer he was elected sheriff by the negroes after the war, and reelected in 1873. He proved himself an able leader, and succeeded in making the county the chief rally- ing point of the Republican Party in the State. He was arrested in the spring of 1877, on the charge of having murdered John W. Gully, a Democratic leader, who had been shot near I'his- liolm's dwelling. His family, consisting of his wife, three sous, and a daughter, voluntiirily accompanied him to jail. On the morning fol- lowing his arrest the doors of the jail were de- molislied by the mob, which prnl>ably consisted largely of members of the Ku Klu Klan. Chis- hohn's son, a boy of thirteen, was shot ; a daugh- ter of eighteen mortally wounded; and Chisbolm himself was fatally injured. As no evidence of complicity in the murder of Gully existed against Chisbolm, the origin of the massacre has been traced to the fact that, being in a posi- tion to control the favor of the Republican Party, t'hish(dm had incurred the animosity of the Democrats of the district, wlio rcfiiscd to ac- cept the existing conditions. The episode of Chis- bolni's death suggested a very powerful chaiJter in Tourgec's .1 Fool's Errand. CHISHOLM vs. GEORGIA. A noteworthy ca,se decided by the Supreme Court of the Unit- ed States in 1793. and reijorted in 2 D;illas Re- ports, 419. In 1792 Alexander Chisbolm. a citizen of South Carolina, sued the State of Georgia in the Federal courts, but the State refused to make an appearance in the suit. The Supreme Court, when the case came before it. took occa- sion to review the origin and nature of the Union, and decided that a .tate could properly be made a party defendant to such a suit under the grant to the Federal courts, in the Con- stitution, of judicial power over cases "between a State and citizens of another State." The agi- tation incident to such a decision, apjiarently invading the 'sovereignty' of each State, led shortly thereafter to the adoption of the elev- enth amendment to the Constitution, providing that the Federal judicial power should not ex- tend to any suit brought against a State by a citizen of another State or of a foreign State. Later, efforts were made to circumvent this pro- hibition by a citizen assigning his claim to the State of his domicile, and by then having the suit brought in the name of the assignee State; but it was held that this could not be done, in New York vs. Louisiana, 108 United States Re- ports, 7C. CHISTOPOL, ehe'st*)-p*d'. See Tschistopol. CHISWICK, chizlk (.sandy bay). A suburb of London, seven miles west-southwest of Saint Paul's, on the left bank of the Thames. Around Chiswiek are many fine villas, extensive market gardens for su])plying London, and the gardens of the London Horticultural Society. The church- yard contains the grave of Hogarth. The Duke of Devonshire's beautiful villa. Chiswiek House, is situated here. Population, in 1901. 29,800. CHITAL, che'tul, or CHITRA, che'trA. The axis-di'er. See .xis. CHITIN, ki'tin (from Gk. x"'". c/n'(<5»i, tunic). The chief chemical constituent of the skeleton of insects and crustaceans. It ditfers from the horn substance by being ins<duble in alkalies. It may be prepared from the body of articulata by extracting with dilute hydrochloric acid and alkali, then boiling with water, alcohol, and ether. When pure, it is a white, amorphous sidistancc usually retaining the skeleton form. Its exact chemical composition is unknown. Boiling concentrated acids transform it chiefly into glucosamine, CoHisNOj.