Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/770

CHITTENDEN. 672 CHIVALRY. the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University in 1875: became instructor in chemistry at iale in 1876; studied in Heidclberf;, Genuany, in 1878-79: took his doctor's degree at a.e in 1S80: and has been professor of physiological chemistry there since 1882. Since 1898 he has also been lecturer on ])hysiological chemistry at Columbia University. New York. He is a mem- ber of numerous scientific bodies, and has been president of the American Physiological Society since 189.5. and director of the Sheffield Scientific School since ISOti. Dr. Chittenden has carried out several important researches in physiological chemistry, and has written Digestive Proteolysis and numerous scientific papers. CHITTENDEN, Thomas (1730-97). The first Covernor of erniont. He was born in East Guilford, Conn., but emigrated to the so-called N'ew Hampshire Grants (now Vermont) in 1774. Here he took an active part in the controversy ■with New York, and was a member of the_con- vention which declared Vermont a State (1777), and of the Stiite Constitutional Convention of 1778. He was then Governor from 1778 to 1789, and aijain from 1700 to 1797. Consult Chipman, ,4 Memoir (Boston, 1849). CHITTIM, kit'tim. See Kittim. CHITTXJB, ehlt-toor'. A town in the native Uajput State of Udaipur, India, 270 miles south- west of .gia (ilap: India. U 41. It is re- markable for the fortress wbicli occupies the summit of an isolated rock, nearly 0000 yards in length and 1200 yards in breadth. The rock is scarped all round "to a depth of SO or 100 feet, about a fourth part of the entire altitude of ?00 feet. ithin the inclosure. foniied by a wall 12 miles in circuit, are several temples, tanks, a palace, commemorative pillars, and an inner citadel. Population of adjacent town, 7000. CHITTY, Joseph (1770-1841). An English lawj'er and ^A-riter on law. He was a success- ful "practitioner at the bar, and enjoyed a great reputation for legal learning. His writings became the text-books of the generation suc- ceeding his own, their accuracy and systematic character rendering them jieculiarly suitable for the purposes of law students. Among his principal works are: Treatise on Parties to Actions and to Pleadings (1808); Treatise on the Law of Xations Relative to the Legal Ef- fects of Tl'ar oil the Commerce of Belligerents and Neutrals, and on Orders in Council in Li- censes (1812): Treatise on Criminal Law (1810): ffgnopsis of Practice in the King's licneh and Cotnmon Pleas (1831-32) ; Treatise on Bills of Exchange and Promissory Xotes (1799) ; and an edition of Blackstone's Commentaries (18:!2). CHITJN, kl'iin. A deity mentioned by the propliet .mos (v. 20), who reproaches the Is- raelites for having carried "the tabernacle of your Moloch fmarg. letter; Siccuth. your kingj, and Cliiun. your images, the star of your God." The latter idol, Chivm, is now generally recog- nize<l to have the Babylonian name of the planet Saturn — Kainnn. as the Syrians. ^Mandeans. and Persians called him. The assertion that there is an Eg^-ptian god Ken. who maybe identified with Chiun. is quite unfounded. CHITJSI. kyrrn'se. A town of central Italy, in the Province of Siena, 37 miles southeast of Siena, with a population of .5000. It stands on an eminence in the Val di Chiana, not far from the lake of the same name. In ancient times, under the niune of Clusium, it was one of the twelve cities of Etruria, and the residence of Porsena (q.v.). When Italy was overrun by the barbarians, Chiusi fell into decay, the whole valley was depopulated, and became the |)cstilen- tial pool described by Dante. Since the improve- ment of the course "of the Chiana (q.v.). Chiusi has begun to flourish again along with the whole district. But it is in connection with the discov- ery of Etruscan antiquities that Chiusi is chiefly heard of, as the necropolises have yielde<l a long series of objects, representing Etruscan products and imports from Greece. The earliest graves show no Greek wares, and must reach well back into the Eighth Century B.C. Succeeding graves contain Greek vases of the Seventh Century, and from the beginning of the Sixth Century are found the chamber tombs, often richly decorated. The importance of the place is shown by the 3000 Etruscan inscriptions found in the neigh- borhood. The objects found in the graves are partly in the local museum and partly in Flor- ence." Beneath the town is a series of under- ground passages which seems to belong to the old Etruscan system of drainage. Population, in 18S1 (commune), 5017; in 1901, 0011. Consult Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Vol. II. (rev. ed., London, 1878). CHIVALRY, fhiv'al-ri (Fr. chevalerie, horse- manship, knighthood, from chevalier, horseman, knight, from cheral, horse, from Lat. caballus, horse). In the Middle Ages, the body of cus- toms and ideals relating to the duties and priv- ileges of knighthood. It owed its development at'first to feudal usages, with which it had many roiations. and later to the Cluirch. wbich adopted and altered the customs of chivalry to further its own control of society. Chivalry probably had its origin in the ancient Germanic custom "of arming the youth solcmnh' in the presence of the warriors." Tacitus refers to this usage, and it seems to have prevailed through- outthe early Middle Ages. The chronicles re- cord that Louis the Pious, at the age of thirteen, received his arms from Charles the Great, and that Charles the Bald, at the age of sixteen, re- ceived'his arms from Louis. The cavalry, after the middle of the Eighth Century, grew to be the most im|)ortant part of the army, and as feu- dalism dcvelo])ed there was a tendency to fix the customs for the assumption of the arms and to define the duties of the knight. The last were, to a great extent, the regular duties of a vassal, which included braver>-. fidelity, and loyalty. The conception of knightly bonor, wiiieh grew up slowly, was comparatively late. The Crusades and the intense interest in reli- gious matters in the Twelfth Century tended to make chivalry more Christian. It was beld to be the knight's duty to defend Christianity, to protect the Church, and to battle against the infidel. Lanfranc Cigala, a little later, wrote: "I do not hold him to be a knight who does not go with a willing heart and all his might to the aid of the Lord, who has so great need of him." .ceording to the niedi.Tval conception of chiv- alry, no one was born a knight. The candidate for the honor was sent, at the age of alimit seven, to act as page or valet in the household of