CHOLERA INFANTUM. 685 CHONDROSTETJS. green, yellow, or brownisli color, later of col- orless serum, in most cases odorless, in some lew instances overpoweriugly offensive ; rapid emaciation and loss of weight; depressed an- terior fontanel, sunken eyes, sharp features, u peculiar ])allor and an anxious expression; ner'ous irritation and moaning or crying; dull- ness, stupor, relaxation, and ecinia or convul- sions; rarely delirium. The disease is fatal in two-thirds of the cases, and almost all eases oeeur in bottle-fed children of the poor, during the lirst or second summer of their lives. Unless the disease is attacked in its earliest stages, tlie treatment is very unsatisfactory. It may consist in stomach-washing and intestinal irrigation, in early hypodermic injection of morphine, injec- tion of saline solution into the cellular tissues to the amount of a half-pint in twelve hours, giv- ing graduated baths and ice-water enemata to reduce the temjierature. and administering stimu- lants. If the treatment is successful and the vomiting ceases, the patient may take cold whey, barley water, and albumin water, fol- lowed after twenty-four hours' rest by the breast for from t«o minutes to five minutes. The term cholera infantum is also sometimes used, inaptly, as a sTionTn for gastro-enteritis (<Lv.): In 1902 C. W. Duval and V. H. Bassett dis- covered and isolated the bacillus which causes the summer diarrhoeas of infants. Their inves- tigations ha%'e been verified by Drs. W. H. Welch and James H. JI. Knox, of Baltimore. Md., where the discovery was made. They find this bacillus to be identical with Bacillus dysenteries (Shiga) . which has been isolated in acute dysentery in adults by Shiga of Japan, Flexner and Strong in the Philippines, Kruse in Germany, and Vedder and Duval in the United States. It was not found in the stools of healtliy cliildren, nor of those suffering with simple diarrhtea. Consult Holt, Diseases of Infants and Children (New York, 1879). CHOLESTERIN, kA-les'ter-in (fromGk. xo^, chole^ bile -f- orepcoc, stereos, solid), CjeH.jOH. HsO. A white crystalline substance occurring as a normal constituent in cell-protoplasm. It is therefore widely disseminated in l)oth the animal and vegetable kingdoms. It is found in consider- able quantities in the nerves and the wliite mat- ter of the cerebrospinal axis, and also occurs in milk, in the blood, and the bile, and is the main constituent of gall-stones, from which it may be readily prepared by extracting with boiling water and dissolving in hot alcohol. On cooling, the alcoholic solution thus obtained deposits cholestcrin in somewhat impure form ; the sub- stance is then purified by recrystallization from alcohol. Cholestcrin crystallizes in glittering nacreous scales, melting at 14.5° C. and boiling at 360° C. Chemically it is a monatoniic alcohol. When its solution in chloroform is shaken with strong sulphuric acid, the solution assumes a blood-red coloration, which gradually changes to blue, green, and finally yellow. Chole.sterin is in- soluble in water. CHOLET, shf.'lS'. A town of France, in the Department of Maineet-Loire, on the right bank of the Maine, 37 miles southwest of Angers (Map: France F 4). It has nuinufactures of linen, cotton, and woolen goods, including batiste and flannel. There is also a brisk trade in lum- ber, grain, and cattle. Population, in 1901, 15,- raw half-alli'Mtor' 335. Here, during the Vendean War, two ac- tions were fought in 1793, in both of which the Koyalists were decisively defeated. CHOLIAMB, ko'll-amb. See Versification". CHOL'LUP, JI.joK Hannibal. One of Dickens's American eliaracters in Martin- Cliii:- zhiiil. who is expert at 'cal'dating' his distance — in spitting — "a splendid example of our native material, sir." A type of the 'half-horse, American of the raw Southwest. CHOLMONDELEY, chum'li, Mary ( ?— ). An Knglish novelist, liurn at ilodnet, near Con- dover in Shropshire, daughter of the rector there. As a girl, she was delicate, and her education was largely directed at home by her father. Owing to the ill health of her mother. Miss Cholmon- deley, when onl}' sixteen years old, look charge of the hou.sehold and much of the jiarish work. At this time she wrote her first three novels at odd hours. In 18!»! her father's health broke down, and the family removed to London. Her novels comprise: The Danvers Jeicels, under the pen-name of 'Pa.x' (1887); its sequel, iiir Charles Dancers (1889); Diana Tempest, the first novel to appear under her name (1893); The Devotee (1897); Red Pottage (1899); and tore in Extremes, a series of short stories (1902). Beginning with a detective story. Miss Cholmondeley has worked her way into the novel of contemporary life. She pos- sesses humor and pathos, and usually keeps a lirm hold on her characters : but a tendency to melodrama prevents her work, in spite of its liopularity, from being wholly admirable. CHOLULA, ch6-loo'la. An old town of Mex- ico, in tile Slate of Puebla, situated at an alti- tude of nearly 7000 feet, about 15 miles north- west of Puebla. with which it is connected by rail (ilap: Mexico. K,8). It is well built and contains a pyramid of clay and brick supposed to have been built by the aborigines in honor of one of their deities, and surmounted by a half- ruined chapel, probably erected by Cortes, Cho- lula at the time of Cortes was a flourishing city of 20,000 houses and a large number of temples. It was the chief city of a semi-independent State settled by a tribe of the Nahuatl race. The in- habitants carried on a considerable trade and had a more or less democratic form of govern- ment. It was visited by Cortes in 1519, and in spite of his friendly reception by the inhabitants, he massacred a number of them, suspecting them of plotting against the Spaniards, The popula- tion of Cholula is about 9000. CHONDROPTERYGII, kon-drop'ter-ijl-i (Xeo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. x'^^'^PC, chondros, cartilage + Trrtpvyiov, pterygion, fin), or Elas-
- iioi!RANCiiii, A group of cartilaginous fishes,
including the sharks, ravs, and chima>ra. See Fish. CHONDROSTEI, kon-drOs'tA-t (Neo-Lat., from Ok. x*/"'t'- ehondrox, cartilage -f- otrrror, osteon, bond. An order of fishes within the group Teleostomi. which includes the sturgeons and closely allied forms. See Stubgeon. CHONDROSTEUS, kfm-dr6s't^-fis. A Juras- sic fossil fish, the direct ancestor of the modem sturgeon, found in the Liassic beds of England. The form of the body is very simihir to that of the sttirgeon. and the skeleton differs only in the form anil arrangements of the cranial bones and
