Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/791

CHOSE IN ACTION. 693 CHOUSINGHA. is commonly staleil. If, however, the assignor iuterlered with his assignment by collecting the chose ill action, or otherwise, equity would pro- tect the assignee's rights, provided the assign- ment was m;5ie for value. The King is an ex- ception to this general rule, for he may always either grant or receive a chose in action by assignment. By the law merchant an indorser of negotiable paper could sue upon the paper in his own name. The law relating to clioscs in action was formerly the same in the United States as in England. But in many States, as in New York, the assignee of a chose in action is now allowed to sue upon his right in his own name, provided the chose in action is not a right to recover for jiersonal injuries, such right not being assignable. The assignee of a chose in ac- tion, howcvcT. takes it subject to all defenses which miglit liave been interposed to it had the action been brought upon it by the original owner. Choses in possession are commonly called chat- tels (q.v.). The branches of the law relating to choses in action are specifically treated under such titles as Assioment: Specific Perform- ance: Xegotiable Instbimexts. etc. CcinsuU the authorities referred to under CoXTR.CT: and for a discussion of the early English law upon the ownership of choses in action, consult I'oUock and Mnitland. History of Eiiitlish hmr (Boston. ISdOl. CHOSHI, eho'she. A prefectural town of Japan, situated on the eastern coa.st of Nippon. 72 miles by rail from Tokio (Map: .Japan, G 6). It extends* for about 2Vi miles along the river of Tonegawa, and has a temple situated on an eminence in the centre of the city. The chief occupation is the manufacture of fish-oil. Popu- lation, in 189S, 30,511. CHO SON'. See Kobea. CHOSROES. See KnosBU. ' CHOTA N AGPUR, cho'ta nag-poor', or Chtjt- TA N.^GPiR. A southwest division and politi- cal agency of Bengal. British India (q.v.). Tlie division comprises the five districts of Haz:ni- liflgh. Ranchi, Palaniau. IManbhum, and Singhbum. It is sparsely inhabited, the largest towns not ex- ceeding a population of 5000. Area, 26.96.3 miles. Population, in 1891, 4,629,000: in 1901, 4,899,000. The political ageucy comprises nine tributary' States whose area is" 16.054 square miles. Popu- lation, in 1891, 883..500: in 1901, 982,400. Tlie region is mountainous and lies between the basins of the Ganges and its tributaries, the Sov and the Jfanahadi. It is largely inhabited by iiborigi- nal tribes. Coal in considerable quantities is found, and some gold. Tea, rice, corn, i)otatocs, and oil-seeds are cultivated. The climate is dry and healthful. CHOTIN. See KnoTiN. CHOXJANS, sboo'iiiN' (corruption of Fr. chat- hiiaiit, Kcrcrcli-oirl) . The bands of insurgent peas- ants in Brittany and Jlaine, who, during the French PLCVolution. following the 'endeans. fought for the King. They were so called from Chcman. the nickname of their first leader, .Jean Cottcrcau. smuggler and .soldier. The species of mingled brigandage and warfare known as the chounntierie first broke out in 1793. after having been fomented assiduously by the priests and the agents of the royal family. After several exploits of the guerrilla .sort. Cottereau was killed July 29, 1794, near Laval. Other leaders, however, appeared: Cadoudal, Desoteux, Charette, Puisaye. The pacification of l^a endee in 1795 "gave Hoche an opportimity to crush the Chouans; but they sprang up again in 1799, and forced Napoleon to send against them Brime, with .'30,000 men, who suppressed the rising. Eruptions of chouannerie continued till 1803, and it made its appearance once more in 1814-15. Consult: Beiiuchamp, Uistoirc des Vliouuns (Paris, 1800) ; Ki'rigant, Les Chouans (Paris, 1882) ; iloulin, ilcmoires sur la Ckoiian- iicriV (Paris, 1893). CHOUGH, chuf (AS. cCo, originally imita- tive of the bird's note). A small crow of the gonus Fregilus, specifically the Cornish chough, or red-legged crow (Fregilus yrdculus) , a widely distributed but very local and diminishing bird, inhabiting the high iuount;iins of Europe, Persia, India, the north of Africa, and some parts of the British scacoasts, but almast exclusively confined to high cliffs. In these it generally makes its nests; sometimes, however, in ruined towers. Its long hooked claws enable it to cling easily to a rough rock, but it seems unwilling even'to set its feet on turf. It lives in societies like the rook. It feeds on insects, berries, grubs, and grain. It is easily tamed, becomes very familiar and forward, and exhibits in the high- est degree the curiosity, pilfering disposition, and delight in brilliant or glittering objects which also characterize others of the crow family. Other species of chough are known, one, the cho- card or Alpine chough {Fregilus alpinus) , being confined to the European Alps, and the others natives of Australia, Java, etc. CHOUICHA, chou'i-cha (Alaska). The quin- nat (q.v.). CHOULANT, shcio'liiN', JohanX Ludwiq (1791-1801). A German pliysician, born in Dres- den. He studied in Dresden and Leipzig, and be- came connected with the clinics in Dresden, in which he was appointed professor of therapeutics in 1823 and director in 1828. Subsequently he acted for a number of years as head of the Acad- emy. His published works include the following: I.ehrbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (Ics ^iensclle>l (1831 and several later editions) ; Haiiilbuch der Biicherkunde fiir iiltere Medizin (2d ed., 1841) : Hibliotheca Mediro-historica (1842); and Die Anfiinge jrisseiisehaftlicher Xaturgeschirlite ( 1856) . CHOTJQUET, shoo'ka', Adolphe Gustave (1819-80). A French writer on music, born in Havre and educated at the Institution Massin in Paris. He lived in the United States from 1840 to 18(>0, and then returned to Paris, where he twice won the 7Vi,r Bordin (1804 and 1808) for works on the history of music. He was appointed custodian of the collection of instruments in the Conservatory in 1871, and in 1875 published a catalogue of them. His Pymne de hi I'aix was the prize cantata of the Exposition of 1807. Of his literary productions the Uistoirc de Ui mu- sique dramaiique en France depuis ses origines jusqu'a nos jours (1873) is probably the most important. CHOUSINGHA, chou'sing-ha (East Indian). The fourliorncd antelope {Telraccros i/uudricor- '.lis) of India. It is a snuiU brown species re- sembling the duikerboks, and distinguished by the buck having four short smooth horns upon the forehead. These animals are not gregarious,