Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/795

CHRIST IN ART. 697 CHRISTADELPHIANS. lines to the portrait referred to at the beginning of this article, each painter gave his own inter- pretation, and so we have interesting creations of such Italian artists as Uaddi, Orcagna, ilasae- eio, Fra Angelico, Leonardo, Raphael, and others. There is less and less of religious significance and idealism in these types until we reach such heads as those of Titian, Kubens. Donienichino, Carracei, and Rembrandt. With the departure of faith in the artist the representations lose historic value and are e.pressions of the individual taste of the artist rather, than a rellection of the religious ideas of the age. Here, therefore, such a study as this ends. BiBi.iOGKAPiiY. Grimm, Die Sage vom Vr- s/jrung dcr Christushilder (Berlin, 1S43) ; Jame- son and Kastlake, 2'he History of Our Lord in ^'ork.s of Art (London. 18(55) ; Wessely, Icono- graphie (lottes itnd dcr IlciUgen (Leipzig, 1874) ; Uauck, Die Entstehung dts Christ usty pus in der ahendUiiidischen Kunst (Heidelberg, 1880) ; Din- dron, Uistoire de Dieu, iconographie des per- sonnes divines (Paris. 1843) ; Ziemssen, Leben Chriati, nach Oemiilden heriihmter Meister (Stuttgart, 1892) ; Huell, The Life of Our Lord in Art (Boston, 1898). CHRIST, Order of the Kxights of, ix Pob- TUG.ii.. An order instituted in 1317, by King Diniz. of Portugal (1279-1325), and endowed with property confiscated from the Order of the Templars, which he suppressed in 1314. It was founded in imitation of the Spanish or- ders of Alcantara (q.v. ) and Calatrava (q.v.), and the lives of the Cistercians. The new order was established "for the defense of the faith, the discomfiture of the Moors, and the extension of the Portuguese monarchy." With some dilficulty. Pope .John XXII. was induced, in 1319, to sanction the new order, but only on condition that the knights swore fealty to the Pope, and that their Grand Master made a special vow of such obedience before the abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Alcobaca, one of the largest and richest then extant, who was the Pope's special representative. The knights joined in all Portuguese crusades against the infidels, and also in their African and Indian expeditions, receiving in compensation continual additions to their own possessions. The Grand Prior of the order was invested by Po]m" Calix- tus III. (1455-58) with power equal to that of a bishop; and, as an encouragement to adven- ture, the knights were promised all the coun- tries which they might discover, to be held under the protection of Portugal. Under such favor- able conditions, it is no wonder that the order became immensely rich. Its headquarters was the splendid castle of Thomar, 70 miles northeast of Lisbon, whence it had been in 1334 transferred from the castle of Castro Marino, at the mouth of the Guadiana. At length their wealth and power excited the jealousy of the kings of Por- tugal ; their future acquisitions, and subse- quently even their actual possessions, were de- clared to be Crown possessions, and the offices of Administrator and Grand ^Master were trans- ferred to the Crown. Xoble descent, and three years' military service against the infidel, were required for admission. The members took the three monastic vows of celibacy, poverty, and ol)edience. till Pope Alexander VI. (1492"-]503) released them from the first two. on condition of their applying the third part of their reve- nues to the support of the Thomar cloister, the priests of which were bound by the three vows, in 1523 King John III. turned the order into a monastic one. In 1797 it was secularized, and it is now merely an honorary order. Its member- ship, which is restricted to Catholics of noble descent, is very large. The order was nationalized in Brazil in 182.3, but was dissolved in 1890. CHRIST, Pap.vl Order of. A branch of the I'oniguesc order created by Pope John XXII. (131(i-34) for Italians. It has only one class, and is now merely honorary. CHRIST, Person of. See Chbistology. CHRIST, or CRISS-CROSS, ROW. The al- phabet arranged in the form of a cross, as the symbols of Chrisfs crucifixion, for the use of children, and so printed in old hornbooks, or primers. The letter A was at the top and Z at the foot of the cross. See Hornbook. CHRIST, krist, Wilhelm von (1831—). A German classical philologist, born at Geisenhein:, August 2, 1831. He has been professor in the l"niversity of ilunich since IStiO, and is the author and editor of numerous works, of which the most important are: Die metrische Ueberlie- ferung der pindarischen Oden (1868); Metrilc der Gricchen und Romer (1879) ; Attikusausgahe des Demosthenes (1882) ; Griechische Litteratur- geschirhte (1808). CHRISTABEL, kris'ta-bel. ( 1 ) An old bal- lad which deals with the love of a princess, the title character, for the valiant Sir Cauline. The latter is killed in rescuing her from an East- ern potentate, and she thereupon dies of grief. (2) A poetical fragment by Coleridge (1816), a bit of haunting melody and genuine inspira- tion. Before its publication, Scott heard lines of it recited, and adopted the metre for his "Lay of the Last Minstrel" (1805). Saintsbury finds in it a metrical resemblance to Gottfried von Strassburg's Tristan and Spenser's "The Oak and the Brere." Admirably adapted as is the vehicle, the story is itself of engrossing interest, and is narrated with the poet's best art. A ])an)dy appeared in Bhickwood's, June, 1819. CHRISTADEL'PHIANS (from Gk. Xptari. rffP.^of, Christiulelphos. having brotherhood with Christ, from Xptardg, t'hristos, Christ -f- d(?f/^(5f, fidelphos, brother), or Brothers of Christ. A religious sect in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, organized by John Thomas, M. P., an Englishman, who came hither in 1844 and at first belonged to the Disciples. But being "convinced by a study of the Bible that the car- dinal doctrines of the existing churches corre- spond with those of the apostate (Thurch predicted in Scripture." he spread his views. JIaking con- verts, he formed them into societies, which, till the outbreak of the Civil War, had no distinctive name, but the one now held was selected when their members claimed exemption from military duty on the ground of conscientious opposition to war. The principles of the sect are thus stated: The Old and New Testaments are equally important: God will restore to immortal life all who love him in this life, but those who have not airepted this immortal principle cease to exist at death: there is no personal devil: Christ is the son of God. deriving from the Deity mural jierfeetion, but from His mother a human nature;