Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/806

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE. 708 gallons in the United States, Great Britain, Can- ada, Germany, and France, many of which have acquired large and costly church edifices. At the head of tliese is what is called the 'Mother Church' in Boston, llass., with a membership of nearly 30,000, and of which I^Irs. Eddy is the pastor emeritus. There is no central denominational govern- ment. The Slother Church, through its 'manual,' or Churcli. by-laws, exercises some control over the denomination as a whole, but the local or branch churches have a purely congregational form of organization and government. The de- nomination maintains a 'publishing society,' and issues a monthly magazine, The Christian Sci- ence Journal, and a weekly paper. The Christian Hcietice Sentinel. The publishing house is in Boston, and the denominational literature is actively distributed. Heading-rooms, generally open daily, are maintained in connection with most of the churches. As the di'scoverer of this science and the founder of the incidental religious movement, Mrs. Eddy lias been and is the logical and in- evitable leader of the denomination and its activity. She has w-ritten several n-orks concern- ing Christian Science, the principal one being Science and Uealtit, icitli Key to the Scriptures, which is known as the Christian Science text- book. This book states that this science is utter- ly unlike faith cire, prayer cure, spiritualism, theosophy, mesmerism, or hypnotism, and that the healing is accomplished naturally, scientifi- cally, and according to law, in demonstration of fixed principles and accurate rule. Although there are no compiled statistics available, the Christian Scientists estimate their numerical strength as nearly a million of peo- ple throughout the world, very many of whom believe that they have been healed of supjwsedly incurable diseases. For a complete statement of the Christian Science belief, consult Eddy, Science and Health, with a Key to the Scriptures (226th ed., Boston, 1902, and many editions since). CHRISTIANSEN, krts'te - an - sen, Akne EiNAB (1801—). A Danish dramatist, uncon- ventional, but noteworthy for his mastery of the playwright's art. His first play, Lindow's Bairns (1S81), was a prose comedy. He then passed several years in travel in various Euro- pean countries and the Orient. On his return he turned to tragedy in Xero (1885), and after- wards wrote, besides prose dramas, several ro- mantic historical plays in verse. CHRISTIANSEN, Christian (1843—). A Daiiisli pliysicist, l)()rn in Loenborg. He studied in Copenhagen, subsequently taught at the school of technology there, and in 1886 became professor of physics in the university. He car- ried out several interesting investigations on subjects of natural philosophy, and wrote gen- eral scientific works in Danish, including an in- troduction to matliematical physics (1887-89). Among his original connibutiun's to physics, his researches on radiant lieat deserve mention. CHRISTIANSFELD, kn'-s'tf-ans-felt (Ger., Christian's field). A settlement of Moravian Brethren, in the northern part of Schleswig, about two miles from the Danish frontier, found- ed in 1772 CMap: Germany, C ]). The houses, which are well built and cheerful in appearance. CHRISTIAN UNION. are arranged in two parallel streets, with the church upon a green plot in the middle. There is a cooperative farm, and there are manufac- tures of soap, candles, leather, and tobacco. Pop- ulation, less than 1000. CHRISTIANS OF SAINT THOMAS. Tlie name of a branch of the Christian Church still existing on the Malabar Coast, southwestern India, hence called by themselves the Syrian Church of Malagala, formed originally by ex- communicated Xestorians, although it claims the Apostle Thomas as its founder. In the Eighth Century it received a metropolitan from the Xestorian patriarch. The liturgy is in the Syriac language. They still celebrate the early agape, or love feast, use bread, salt, and oil in the communion service, and anoint infants on baptism. Their j)riests are allowed to marrj-. Consult: Hugh, History of Christianity in Ind'ia (4 vols., London, 1839-45), and the monograph by ^Y. Germann, Die Kirche des Thomaschristen (Giitersloh, 1877). CHRISTIANSTAD, kres't^in-stad, or KRISTIANSTAD ( Swed., Christian's city) . A town in southern Sweden, situated on the Helge, about 14 miles from the Baltic and 205 miles southwest of Stockholm (Map: Sweden, F 9). It is regularly built and possesses an arsenal and a magnificent church, and is the seat of a court of justice. Its fortifications were destroyed in 1847. The chief manufactures are woolen stufi's, tobacco, leather, and gloves, while the trade in brandy and grain is considerable since the river has been made navigable to this point. Population, in 1892, 9080; in 1901, 10,318. The town, which was founded by Cliristian IV. of Denmark in 1614, came into the hands of Sweden in 1048, and had sufi'ered many sieges during the wars between Denmark and Sweden. CHRISTIANSTED, krcs'te-on-sted (Dan.. Cliristian's city). The capital of the Danish West Indies, and the chief town of the Island of Santa Cruz (Map: West Indies, P 6). It stands on the northeast coast of the island, and has an excellent harbor which is defended by a fort and a batterv. The population numbers about 10,000. CHRISTIANSUND, krfs'te-an-si.md (Nor- weg., Christian's sound ) . A seaport on the west coast of Norway, 85 miles west-southwest of Trondhjem, situated on four small islands (Map: Norway, B 5). It is a very fiourishing town, having an excellent harbor formed by the isl- ands. It exports great quantities of fish. It has also a thriving coast trade, which is carried on in its own ships. Population, in 1891. 10.381; in 1901, 12,043. The town was called Christian- sund in 1742, in honor of Christian VI., who gave it its privileges. ' CHRISTIAN TTNION, iNDEPENnEXT CniTiCHES OF Christ i.v. The Christian Union churches were formed in Ohio during the first years of the Civil War, when enthusiasm for the war in defense of the national Union against se- cession was strong in the Northern churches, and the duty of supporting the Government was freely preached by their ministers. Under the leading, principally, of the Rev. J. Flack, previously of the IMethodist Episcopal Church, church mem- l)ers who were opposed to the war. and those who disapproved of what was called political preaching, were gathered into separate congre- gations. After the period of the war and re-