Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/821

CHRYSANTHEMUM. 721 CHRYSOBERYL. plants are free bloomers both in the wild and vullivated state. The heads are solitary on long |ieduneles, or corymbose. Usually the rays spread ■wide open and are fonspicnously showy, white, yellow, or rose-purplish in tint, while the disk flowers are for the most part yellow. The Chinese and Japanese species, Chrysanthc- tniim Indicum and Cliri/xaiitlwiuiim Siiieiise, are the prolific parents of the many forms now in cultivation in Europe and the I'nited States. The diversity of color, shape, and size which has been developed in these llowers is remarkable. They range all the way from the pompon, or button form, to the husre head that measures nearly eight inches in diameter, and with ray florets three or four inches in length. In sha]>e they are quilled or plain, double, semi-double, and single, with florets erect or reflcxed. They are of nearly all colors and shades. The species are generally wanting in fragrance. The dif- ferent varieties are obtained from seedlings. Chrysanthemums are generally grown by florists from cuttings and by amateurs in the garden {)y division. The plant succeeds in either clay or sand, providing the soil is rich and good culti- vation is given. Disbudding is practiced to se- cure large well-formed llowers. Chrysanthenuim hiicaiithemum, or oxeye daisy, is a common weed in pastures throughout the Atlantic States. Another species, Chri/saiithc- jiium scgetiim, is the corn-marigold of Europe. Chri/santhemiim frutesccns, known in France as marguerite, and widely cultivated in that coun- try for ornamental purposes, has found its way into other lands, and is gro^^^l either in pot cul- ture or, where the climate will allow, in the open air. Consult: "Chrysantlicmuni," in Cor- nell I'liirersitif Agri. Exp. i<ta. BuUitinn 112. 13G. 147 (Ithaca, 1896, 1897, 1898) : Scott, The Show Chn/sauthemum a»d Its Cultivation (London, 1897). CHRYSAOR, kri-sii'or or kris'a-or (Lat., from C;k. 'S.pvaiap . ( 1 ) The son of Poseidon and Jledusa, in Greek legend. He sprang from his mother's head when she was decapitated by Per- seus. ( 2 ) The name of Artegal's sword in Spen- ser's Faerie Queen. CHBTSABOBIN, kris'a-ro'bin (Xeo-Lat. chri/sarobiuum, from Gk. xt"""'", chri/sos, gold + E.Ind. aroba, bark of leguminous trees). A yel- low, odorless and tasteless crystalline powder, employed in the form of an ointment in the treat- ment ' of scaling skin diseases, particularly psoriasis. It is derived from Goa powder, a substance found in the wood of the Brazilian tree Andira araroba. Its chemical composition is C^JImO;. It is almost insoluble in water, and slightly soluble in alcohol, but dissolves freely in ether, benzene, and chlorofonn. CHRYSE CHORA, kri's* ko'ri (Gk. Xpvay Xiipa, f iolden Land ) . A name given by the an- cients to a part of India, comprising the present Burma and the northern part of Pegu. Com- pare the Sanskrit Suvartia-bhunii. CHRYSEIS, krt-sels. In the Iliad, Asty- nome. the daughter of Chryscs, priest of Apollo at Chryse. She fell to the share of Agamenmon in the distribution of spoils during the Trojan War, and the ransom offered by her father was harshly refused by Agamemnon. Apollo, to pun- ish the slight to his priest, sent a pestilence on the Greek camp, which was averted only liy the return of Chryseis to her father, CHRYSELEPHANTINE, kris'Ul - ^ - fan'tin (fnim (Ik. x;'i'<ef0<i'^"'<'5, chryselei>hantinos, of gold and ivory, from xi'^'^'t I'hrysos, gold -|- iXfipavrtfos, elephant ino.-i, made of ivory, from ii<pas, cliphas, ivory, elephant). The art which jircvailed among the Greeks of covering their statues with ivory and gold. The 1)ody of these figures was usually of wood over which a thin plating of ivory was fastened, and certain por- tions of the garments were made of gold. The hair, | also, was of gold. These garments and the hair were usually chased. (See Cii.vsiXG.) The mod- eled body of these statues belonged to the art of sculpture, while the chasing and ornamentation of the draperies and hair was called toreutic art. The statues were mainly of religious character and used for the ornamentation of temples. Winckelmann has calculated that about 100 stat- ues of this kind are mentioned by the ancients. The colossal works executed by Phidias in Athens, in the time of Pericles, are the most famous of this class, the greatest being the Pallas of the Parthenon. It was 2G cubits high, and re])rcsented the goddess in armor, covered with a long robe. The famous Olympian .Jupiter of Phidias, executed in the same materials, was also a world-wide wonder. CHRYSES, kri'sez. A priest of Apollo at Chryse. and father of Chryseis. CHRYSIPPUS, kri-slp'pus (Lat, from Gk. Xpiio-iTTTTos) (c.280-207 B.C.). An eminent Stoic philosopher of Soli in Cilicia. He came to Athens when .'till a youth, and eagerly de- voted himself to philosophical jiursuits. Hi.s principal master was Cleanthes, the successor of Zeno, although he is said to have also studied mider the academic teachers, Arcesilaus and Lacydes, and learned from them what were the objections urged by skeptics against the doc- trines of the Stoics. He possessed an eager and facile mind, and enjoyed the reput.ation of being the keenest disiuitant of his time ; yet his dis- courses were clever and subtle rather than se- riously argumentative. His confidence in his own abilities was so great that, according to tradition, he told Cleanthes he desired to know only the principles of his system, the argu- ments he would find for himself: it was also his common practice to take at different times opposite sides of the same question, so that he furnislied his opponents with the means of convicting him of inconsistency. Carneades (q.v.), his chief adversary, especially availed himself of this opportunity. In ])hilosophy he was an expounder, not an originator. His liter- ai->' industry was great. He is said to have written no fewer than .500 lines each day. and Diogenes Laijrtius speaks of over 705 books by him. These were in the fields of philospphy proper, logic, physics, ethics, grannnar, and in- teriirctation of the poets; only fragments re- main in the works of Plutarch. .Klian. Cicero, Seneca, and .ulus Gellius. These were edited by Petersen, 1827: P>itter and Prellcr (Gotha, 18S(i. 88), Consult: liaguet, De Chrysippi Vita. Doe- irina et Iteliquiix (Paris, 18S2) : Zeller, Philoso- phir drr (liifchi „ (Leipzig, 1881). CHRYS'OBER'YL (from Lat. chri/sohenjllu^. from Gk. xpwo/SiJfieXXos, golden beryl, from xfc- o-4i, chriisos, gold + /SiJ/ifXXos, beryllos, beryl). A