Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/872

CIRRHOSIS. 768 CISSAMPELOS. irregular contraction of the connective tissue in llie atrophic livers squeezes the lobules, and usually results in nodular sial'accs. The new connective tissue, besides causing atrophy of the liver-cells, often compresses branches of the por- tal or hepatic veins and of the gall-ducts, thus interfering with the nutrition of the liver-cells, and causing stoppage of the bile-current. De- pendent upon the condition in the liver and the conseiiuent disturbance of the portal circula- tion, vaiious SL'Ooudary lesions occur, such as dilatation of the veins, accumulation of Uuid in the abdomen, swelling of the feet and legs, etc. Increase in the connective-tisstie elements of the kidney (cirrhosis of the kidney) and of the walls of the blood-vessels is frequently associated with cirrhosis of the liver, probably dependent upon (lie same obscure cause. See LiVEB; Alcohol- ism ; Dbopsy. CIR'RHTJS. A tendril (q.v.). CIR'RIPE'DIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. cirrus, a lock, curl -f pes, foot). An order of small marine crustaceans (barnacles), charac- terized by their fixed life. The body is indis- tinctly segmented, attached by the head-end, and surrounded by a mantle. Limbs of the tiiuik, six pairs (rarely less or more), biramous, long and tendril-like. Circulatory system wanting. The species are mostly hermaphroditic. The cir- ripedia are closely allied to the Kntomostraea. See Barnacle, and Plate of Barnaclk.s. For a description of fossil forms, see Crustacea. CIR'RUS. See Cloud. CIRTA, sir'ta (Lat., from Gk. Klpra, Kirta. Pha'ii. kcrcth, Heb. qinjat, city). A city of northern Africa, the capital of the Numidian prince Syphax, and an im])ortant fortress of Alasinissa and his successors. Later it became a nourishing Roman colon}'. It was much in- jured by the troops of Maxentius in A.u. 310, but was restored by Constantine and named Constan- tina. The modern Constantine occupies its site. CISALPINE REPUBLIC (I-at. cisalpinus, from ci.s, on this side + Alpes, Alps). The name given to the State constituted in 1797 by the union of the Cispadane and Trans|)adane re- publics (respectively south and north of the Po, Lat. I'adiis) , which had been established by Bona- parte in .May, 17n(i, after the battle of Lodi. The Cisaj)line Republic embraced T.,oml)ardy, Mantua, Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona. Verona, and Rovigo, the Duchy of Modena, the I'rincijiality of Massa and Carrara, and the three legations of Bologna. Ferrara. an<l the Koniagna. Tlu' Rc|)ublic had a territory of more than 10.000 square miles, and a population of li.oOO.flOO. Milan was the seat of the Government, or Directoiy. The Legislative Assembly was comjiosed of a Senate of 80 mem- bers, and a Great Council of IfiO. The army con- sisted of 20,000 lreiu-h troo])s, paid by the Re- pidjlic. A more intimate c<inncclion was formed in 17!)8 between the new Republic and lrancc, by an offensive and defensive alliance. The Kepublic was dissolved for a time in 1709 by the vic- tories of the Russians and .ustrians, but was restored by Bonaparte, after the victory of Ma- rengo (1800), with .some constitutional modifica- tions and an increase of territory. Tn 1802 it took the name of the "Italian Republic' and chose Bonaparte for its President. . deputation from the Republic, in 1805, lonferred on the Fm- peror Napoleon the title of King of Italj — after which it formed the Kingdom of Italy till 1814. See Italy; Napoleon 1. CISCO. The name of two separate species of whitctlsb: (1) the laRe moon-eye { Ar;;yrosomus llufix) of the (ireat Lakes — the smallest and most brightly colored of the whitcfish; (2) the lake or Michigan herring ( Arqiirusnm «.? Artcdi ) , occu- pying lakes in shallow places from Wisconsin to Alaska. Both are excellent food-fish. See Wiiite- FISU. CISLEITHANIA, sis'li-thil'nl-A or -ta'nt-a (Neo-Lat., from vis, on this side + Ger. I.eilha, a little river which forms part of the boundary between Austria and Hungary), or Cisleitiian Austria. A name applied to that portion of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy represented in the Reichsrat in Vienna. It contains nearly 110,- 000 .square miles, and had a pojuilation of 20,107,- 304 in 1900, or considerablj- more than half of the total populatiim of Auslrialliui,i;ary. CISPADANE (sTspii'dan) REPUBLIC. A republican State of Italy, which comprised Mo- dena, Reggio, Ferrara, anil Bologna. It was merged in the Cisalpine Re])ublic (q.v.) in 1797. It took its name from the Padus or Po, which divided it from the Transpadane Republic. It was established in 1790 bv Napoleon 1. after the battle of Lodi. CISPLATINE (sis-pla'tin) REPUBLIC (Sp. Rcpt'ihlica Cisplatina, from Lat. cis, on this side -|- Sp. Plata, the river dividing Uruguay from the Argentine Republic). The name of the Republic of Uruguay from 1828 to 1831. It had previously belonged to Brazil, and had borne the name of the Cisplatine Province. CISSAM'PELOS (Gk. Kicro-d/iTreXos, kissampe- los, from Kiaadf, kissos, ivy -+- fl/zTrcXof, anipelos, vine ) . A genus of plants of the natural order Menispermacea;, of which some of the species possess valuable medicinal properties, particu- larly Cissamprlijs I'nrcirir. a native of the West Indies and South America, the root of which was formerly thought to be that called Pareira brava. The plant is called velvetleaf in the ^^ est Indies, from the peculiar and beautiful ap- pearance of the leaves. It is a climbing shrub, with round leaves, racemes of small, yellow llow- ers, and small, hairy, scarlet berries. The root of Cissampelos appears in commerce in pieces of 2 or 3 feet long, varying from >{. to % inch in diameter, tough, but so porous that air can be blown from end to end of it. It is dark-brown externally and light-yellow within. It has a sweetish, afterwards nauseous, taste; is used as a tonic and diuretic, appears to exercise a specific influence over the mucous membrane of the tirinary passages, and is administered with ad- vantage in chronic inflammation of the bladder. Formerly this plant was sU])posed to yield all of the Pareira brava on the market : but now it is rare, its place being sujjplicd by the roots of t'honodendron tomentosiiiit, a plant of the same order found in Brazil, Peru, and elsewhere in South America. The root of this species, as found in the market, is of a grayish color, pale- brown within, and with a waxy apjiearance when freshly cut. The roots vary from % inch to 3 incites in diameter, are longitudinally furrowed, and in sections show concentric markings. An- other kind is also found in the American mar- ket, which greatly resembles CissntniK los I'lirririi. but its exact botanical origin is not known.