Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/88

CAM. also on the edge of the wheel. D, and arranging the two so that their teeth mesh, we have wiiat is called a "cam gearwheel' arrangement. A circular wheel, mounted concentrically on a shaft and having a lug or projection at intervals on its edge, is called a 'cam-wheel.' Cams and cam-wheels are extensively employed in mecha- nisms for all sorts of purposes. CAM, kiix, AuGUSTE Xicolas (1822—). A French sculptor, born in Paris. He was educated in the atelier of Rude, and until about IHtJo con- fined himself almost entirely to the representa- tion of small animals. Aftei-wards, however, he departed from this genre and preferablj' rep- resented combats between beasts of prey. His best-known works are: "Liimets Defending Their Xest Aeainst the Rat" (1840) ; '"Frogs Demand a King" (18.51); "Tiger in Conflict with a Crocodile" (1870): "Rhinoceros Attacked by Tigers" (1884, Garden of the Tuileries) ; "Eagle and Vulture Wrangling Over the Carcass of a Bear" (1890). CAM, kiix', or CAO, kouN, DiOGO. A Portu- guese navigator of the Fifteenth Century, who continued the African discoveries inaugurated by Prince Henry. In a voyage made in 1484-8.5 he sailed along the west coast of Africa as far as the Congo. He had sufficient influence with the King of Congo to induce that monarch to permit the establishment of Christianity in hisdominion. CAMACHO, ka-mii'chfi. The unhappy bride- groom of (Juiteria in Cervantes's Dan Quixote. He is cozened out of his wife, after he has pre- pared a great feast in her honor. CAMAJTJANI, kii'mi-iiwii'n.'. A city of Cuba, in the I'rovince of Santa Clara, about 20 miles from the northern coast of the island. It is connected by rail with Havana, Cardenas, and the coast. Population, in 18'.)!l, 50S2 (muni- cipal dislrict. 14.4n.5). CAMAL'DOLITES. A religious order, founded in the vale of Camaldoli (Neo-Lat. Campus Mufloli), near Are/.zo, in the Apen- nines, in 1012, by Saint Roinuald (c.!).50- 1027), a Benedictine monk, and a mem- ber of the family of the dukes of Ravenna. It soon spread t'hrough Italy. The brethren, who wear whitx' garments, are, and have al- ways been, characterized by the excessive rigid- ity" of their monastic rule, yet on festival days they are allowed to eat lish and drink wine. The order has greatly declined, until now it has only six monasteries' and about 200 members. Its greatest ornaments have been (iratian, the great canonical jurist of the Twelfth Century, and Pope Gregory XVI. I 18.'51-4(;). There was an order of nuns of the name, but it has now only convents 06 CAMARINA. in Rome and Florence. The former convent of Cumaldoli, near Xaples, is famous for the unsur- passed view of the Bay of Naples which its garden affords. CAMALIG, ka'niii-leg'. An inland town of tile Philippines, in the Province of Albay, Luzon. 11 lies 7 miles west of Albay, the capital, in a plain near the source of the .Juaya River. Pojiu- hitidii. ill ISilS, 14.808. CAMARA Y LIBERMOORE, ka-mil'ra e le'bar-m6-r/ra, M.^"l•EL UE la (1830 — ). A Span- ish naval officer. He was born in JIalaga, gradu- ated at the naval academy in San Fernando, and served in llie Mexican campaign as staff officer of Admiral Francois Jurien de la Gravit'ie. and later acted successively as lieutenant on the Vencedoi-ii and sailing master on the ilhi de Madrid. He subsec|uently ligurcd promiiieiilly in the campaign against Peru and Chile, and in the struggle with Cuba (1808-78), and, with the rank of captain, commanded a squadron in the Philippines. He was 'then appointed chief of the naval commission to the United States and London, and as vice-admiral commanded the squadron dispatched to the Philippines during the progress of the Spanish-American War. This s<iuadi'on. consisting of the Pchii/o, CiirUis V., .iudu::, Usado, I'ro.icri)iiia, liapido, I'aliiuta, liuenos Aires, Isla de Pauay, Coldu. Caradouiia, and <S'a» Francisco, sailed from Cadiz, with liOOO soldiers, on June 10, 18!)8, and had already passed the Suez Canal en route for the Philip- pines, when the news of the destruction of Cervera's fleet compelled it to return. CAM'ARAL'ZAMAN. A jirince in one of the talcs of the Arnbiiiii Xif/hts who fell in love with the Princess Badoura as soon as he caught sight of licr. CAMARGTJE, ka'miirg', LsLE tit. t,a. See BorciiES-i)i-Riu5xE. CAMARILLA, kil'mare'lyu (Sp., little room, from l,at. cuiiuirn. vault). -As rauiuni is used to designate the chamber of the King of Spain, the royal cliaiiibcr. so ciiuiuriUa is used to designate his lu-ivate chamber or cabinet, the place where he receives his most intimate friends, courtiers, and sycophants. In the political language of modern Europe it has come to signify the influence exer- cised on the State by secret and unaccredited counselors, in opposition to the opinions of the legitimate :Ministry. The camarilla is an old institution in Spain, but the word flrst began to lie widely u-ed ill the time of I'erdiiiaiid Vll. CAMARINA, kii'nia-re'nA (Gk. KoM<ip"a. Kn- niariiui). A ruined city in Sicily, about Ave miles in circumfereiiee and about 100 miles south- west of Syracuse, not far from the sea. It is east of the Ciimarina (ancient Hipparis) where, on a sandhill 100 feet high, now stands the Chapel of the Madonna di Cauiarina. It was foundei! by Syracuse U.O. .5!in, destroyed in .5;5;j for re- bellion, relniilt by Ilipiiocrat'cs of Gela in 4!)2 after the battle of the Ilelorus, again depopu- lated in 484 by Gelon, who transferred the inhabitants to Syracuse, and again colonized from G(da in 401. In 40.5 Dionysiiis conijielled the inhabitants to accompany him on his re- treat, and it was destroyed by the Carthaginians. In .fS!) it was recolonized by Timolcon. and in 2:58 fell into the hands of the Romans, who sold most of the citizens into slavery. In A.n. 853 it was destroyed by the Saracens, who left