Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/884

CIUDAD PORFIRIO DIAZ. custom-house. It is the residence of a United Stales consul. The town is the centre of an agri- cultural, stock-raising, and fruit-growing region, and carries ou an extensive international trade. Coal is found in the vicinity. Ciudad Porlirio Diaz was founded in 184!). and derives its ])resent name from the President of the Republic. The town was formerly called I'iedras Xegras. Topu- lation, about 5000. CIUDAD REAL, the'oo-DaD' ra-iil' (Sp., royal city). A town of Spain, capital of the province of the same name, in New Castile, situated in a fertile plain between the rivers Guadiana and .Jabalon, about 100 miles south of Jladrid (Map: Spain, n 3). It is surrounded by walls, is the seat of a bishopric, and lias some notable edilices, including the municipal building, the parish church of Santa Maria del Prado — a massive Uothic structure, with a fine interior — and several monasteries and hosi)itals. There are manufactures of coarse woolens, linen, olive-oil, Hour, leather, etc.; also a trade in the agricul- tural produce of the district, which is engaged in jaising stock, particularly mules, and bulls for the ring. An annual fair is held. Population, in 1900, 10,327, Ciudad Real was founded by Alplionso X,, after the middle of the thirteenth century, as a fortress against the Jloors, and soon attained considerable imjiortance from the privileges granted by its founder. In ISO!) the town was the scene of a Spanish defeat by the French, under S.'bastiani. CIUDAD RODRIGO, r6-dre'g6 (Sp„ city of Rodrigo), .V fortified town of Spain, in " the Province of Salamanca, near the Portuguese frontier (Map: Spain, B 2). It is situated on an elevation above the river Ciqueda, which is here crossed by a fine bridge, and has a cathedral of considenible architectural interest, the earli- est portion of which dates from the close of the twelfth century, (hr(>e Roman columns, and re- mains of an aqueduct. The manufactures in- clude soap, leather, linen, woolens, etc. The town is the seat of a bishop. Population in 1900, 8007. In the War of the Spanish Succession Ciudad Rodrigo was taken by flic English iu 1700, and recaptured by the Frencli in the following year. In .July, 1810, the French, under Jlassena," cap- tured it: but in .Tanujiry, 1812. it was retaken by the British, under Wellington. CIUDAD VICTORIA IlicTRj-niin' vik-tf/rf-A (Sp.. city <if victory;. The capital of the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, 100 miles southeast of Monterey (Map: Jlexico, .J 0), It is finely situ- ated on the eastern slope of the great plateau, and is the centre of a sugar-growing district. It is the see of a bishop and the residence of a United States consular agent. Ciudad Victoria dates from 1750, but not until 1825 was its present name adopted. Population, in 1895, 14.575, CIVET (Fr. civet ic, from MGk. i;n'4riov, ^apclion. from Ar. zabad, ziihnd, civet, fi-om Pers. zadnh, froth of water), A genus (Viverra) of carnivores of the Old-World family Viverrid;r, connecting the cats with the hyenas, and hav- ing the l)ody elongated in some of the species as much as in the weasel tribe: the head is also long and the nuizzle sharp. The ears are short, broad, and rounded. The feet have five toes, 77» CIVIC CROWN. and the claws are only semi-retractile. There is a more or less conspicuous erectile mane along the back, as in hyenas. Near the sexual organs, in l)oth sc.xes, there is a large double pouch, in which is secreted an odoriferous, fatty substance, called 'civet,' much used in compound- ing perfumes. There are .several species of civet, of which the best known is the conuuon or Afri- can civet [Viicrra circllu) of northern Africa, from two to three feet long, brownish-gray, with numerous black bands an<l spots. 'I'hc civet preys on birds', small (piadrupeds, and reptiles, and is regarded as a benefactor along the Nile, on account of its appetite for crocodile's eggs. It is very commonly kept in conlinement for the sake of its perfume, which is removed from the bag about twice a week by means of a small spatula, and is obtained most abundantlv from the male, especially after he has bi'cn irritated. A dram is a large (luaiitily to obtain at a time. After being cleaned of hiiirs, waslied, and dried, civet is re;idy for the market, and is worth from $10 to ,$12 an ounce, if pure. About 20,000 ounces are imported into London aiuuially, and tliis re])resents a large part of the total product. The civets kept for the purpose of providing perfume are fed on raw flesh; the young partly on farinaceous food. The priiicipiil scmrcc o"f supply of commercial civet is northern Africa, cs])ecially Abyssinia. Several otlur species of civet wcur in southeastern Asia and in the East Indies, all hand.sonicly striped or sjiotted. The linsang and the binturong are most Jirominent among these. The 'American civet-eat' is the eacomistle (q.v.). Compare ICHNEiiMON: Mu.ngoos. Fossil remains of the genus Viverra have been found in those deposits of the Tertiary Era that lie above the Middle Eocene, They show no considcral)le variation from their mod- ern descendants. The remains of other extinct allied genera from the Tertiary show interesting relations between the early members of the family Viverrida? and the hyenas. See Vii:r- KID.E, CIVIALE, st(-iV Jean ( 1 792-1 S67), A I'lvnch surgeon, born at Thiezac, Cantal. He is remembered for his discovery of the opera- tion of 'lithotrity' for the removal of stones from the bladder without the loss of blood. For tliis discovery he was awarded a priz^e of 0000 francs by the Academy, in 1820, His publica- tions include: ParalK'lc drs direrx inoi/ciis de trailer Ics caleiilcux (1830-37) ; Dc Vurctrotomie (184!)); Iicsultats cliiiiqiics dc la lilJwtritie pendant leu annecs ISCiOCt.'i (18G5); and La litholritie et la taille (1870). CIVIC CROWN (Lat. corona civica) . One of the most highly valued honors that a Roman could obtain. It was given for saving the life of a citizen in battle cu' assault, ami was voted .by the Senate to the I'hiiperor Augustus as scr- rator civiutn. The civic crown was merely a wreath of oak leaves, with pendant acorns. The one to whom it was given had the right to wear it always. When he ai)i)c;ired :it the games all rose to do him honor, and he was entitled to a seat next to the senators: he was also excused from all trotdilesome duties and services, with the same inimtinities for his father and his father's father.