Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/893

CIVIL LIST. 787 CIVIL SERVICE. a distinction was drawu between the military iiml iiaval expenditure, which was henceforth voted by Parliament annually, and the civil list proper, which included the luainlenauce ot the royal household, the salaries ot the judges, am- bassadors, and such j;reul olUcers of Stale, and bueh miscellaneous disbursemenls as the secret- service monev and pensions. The Civil List was fi.ed at iO06,0OO. Under William IV., all sala- ries were transferred from the Civil List to the National Builget, and the royal giant placed at £510,000. Upon the accession of Victoria, the hereditary revenues of the Crown were consoli- dated with the national domains, in lieu of which the sovereign was allowed an annual sti- pend of x.>8.3,000, to be devoted solely to the support of the royal household and the honor and dignity of the Crown. The British monarch also enjovs the income from the Dueliy of Lancaster, varying from £50,000 to £00.000 "annually. The enarges on the Civil List for the benefit of the royal family amount to £108,000. In all the countries of Continental Eurojje, with the ex- ception of Russia and Turkey, the sovereign and the members of the royal family are provided for by a civil list, generallj' in proportion to the value of the royal possessions which they may have ceded to the nation. The income of Euro- pean nionarchs ranges from $300,000 in the ease of the King of Denmark to .?4,000,000, which represents the allowance made the King of Prus- sia. CIVIL PROCEDURE. Legal procedure— the process whereby leg-al rights are protected and enforced, and violations of private or public rights punished. As commonly employed in Eng- lish and American law, however, the term 'civil' refers to private as distingui<<ned from public rights, and civil procedure would not include the processes of the tribunals in protecting the peace and vindicating the dignity of the State, i.e. criminal procedure. Neither does it cover any administrative process of the State, nor diplo- matic or other action for the purpo.se of protect- ing the interests of citizens or subjects in foreign lands. See PBocEorKE ; International Law. CIVIL RIGHTS. See Rights, CniL. CIVIL RIGHTS BILL. In American his- tory, a bill passed by Congress in 18(56. as one of the Reconstruction measures of that body, for the purpose of securing an eqiiality of civil rights to all citizens of the L^nited States, and particu- larly for the purpose of placing the freedmen in the South on an equal political footing with the whites. Its main provision was as follows: "All persons born in the I'nited States and not sub- ject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not ta.xed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States: and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous con- dition of slavery or involuntary servitude, ex- cept as a punishment for crime whereof the jiarty shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every State .and Territory of the United States, to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, and give evidence, to in- herit, purchase, lease, sell. hold, and convey real and personal property, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the se- curity of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like pun- ishment, pains, and penalties, and to none other. any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or cus- tom to the contrary notwithstanding." The other sections of the bill merely provided for the carry- ing out of this provision and fixed penalties for its infraction. The bill passed the Senate on I'ebruary 2 b_' a vote of 3;J to 12, and the House on March 13 by a vote of 111 to 3S; was vetoed by President Johnson on -March 27, and was passed over the veto by the Senate on April 6, and by the House on ^Vpril i). It was the subject of an animated debate both in and out of Con- gress, and the challenging of its con.stilutionality led to the passage and adoption of the fourteenth Ameudmeiit. Another l)ill, of Mareli 1, 1875, l<rovided further for the rights of the blacks, prescribing that blacks should not be distin- guished from whites by inn-keepers, teachers or officers of schools, theatre-managei-s, and com- mon carriers; that Federal courts should have exclusive jurisdiction over infractions of the bill; and that negroes should not be excluded from juries. See Reconstklction. CIVIL SERVICE. The civil service of a Slale_ is. projierly s[)eakiug, the entire body of public officials charged with the duty of conduct- ing its civil administration. As conmionly em- ployed, however, the term does not include mem- bers of the military and naval establishments, nor members of the legislative branch of the Government; nor, generally, other elective offi- cers. Indeed, in the popular connotation of the phrase, the direct representatives of the sover- eignty, whether elective or appointive, are not usually included. Thus, neither the appointed members of the British Cabinet nor the elected President of the United States would usually be described as civil servants; while there is no doubt that the Viceroy of India and the Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, as well as the members of the President's Cabinet, come under that designation. On the other hand, it is not usual to include within the description of the civil service mere laborers, though the method of their employment, their terms of office, and, sometimes, the nature of their duties, render it difficult to distinguish them from their co-em- ployes of the State, who are undeniably within the common acceptation of the ter:;i. The civil service of a modern civilized State is a very complex affair, consisting of .a multitude of officers and civil servants of various grades, performing a great variety of highly difTer- eiitiated functions, and grouped in various ad- ministrative departments. Some of the more im- portant of these are modern additions to the functions of the State, while others are of great antiquity. Thus, the officers of the royal house- hold in England, many of the officers of the courts of justice in Great Britain and the United States, can trace their offices back to the very beginnings of English history, while such great administrative departments as the Post-Office, the British Board of Trade, the United .States Department of .grieulture and Interstate Com- merce Conunission are of ri><eiit origin. It is to I he modern additions, especially to the institu- tiim of a postal service, that we owe the enor- mous increase in the number of public servants in the latter half of the nineteenth century. To this should be added, however, as contributing causes, the large increase in the number and size of cities in recent times, with the growing neces- sity for police protection, together with the as-