Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 04.djvu/98

CAMBRONNE. He went with Xa|Hilci)ii to Ell)a. and at Water- loo led a division of the Old Guard. There, after fijrhting like a madman, he is reported to have eried in answer to General Halkett's de- mand for his surrender. La garde mcurt et ne se rend pas (The Guard dies, but never sur- renders). Canibronne did not say this, however, and he did surrender. Severely wounded, he was taken to London, but bravely returned to stand his trial before a court martial, which acquitted him. In 1820 he was restored to liis rank in the army. CAM'BUSCAN'. The king of Tartary in Chaucer's .Si/Hut'.s- Tale. The King of Arabia and India sends him a brazen hor.se, a mirror, a ring, and a sword of magic properties. He is the father of two sons, Algarsif and Camballo, iind of a daughter, Canaee. The story stops after a sort of prologue which promises adventures to come, more especially for Camballo and Canaee: so the later history of Cambuscan and his pres- ents is unknown. CAMBYSES, kiim-bi'sez, I. (Gk. Ka/iiSwTjs, Old Pers. Inscr. Kambujiya, of uncertain ety- mology). The father of Cyrus the Great (q.v.) and son and successor of Teispes in the line of Persian kings (Herod, vii. 11, and the Cyrus Cylinder) . CAMBYSES II. ( ? -B.C. 522). King of the united realm of the iledes and Persians from B.C. 529 to 522. He was the grandson of Cam- byses I. and son of Cyrus the Great. Ascending the throne on the death of his father, he at once took the reins of government in his hands. His brother, Smerdis (Old Pers. Burdiya) , was made viceroy of the eastern provinces of Iran. Cani- byses's first and chief design was the conquest of Egypt. He invaded this country with his armies, and in n.c. 525 defeated Psammetichus. the King of Egy])t, at Pelusium. Memphis, the capital, fell in" the following year, B.C. 524. and Cambyses was soon master of the entire fertile valley of the Nile. Xubia was also subjugated, but not withoiit great loss to his forces, and an attempt to conquer the Ethiopians proved a disastrous failure. An expedition likewise against Carthage had to be abandoned because the Phoenicians re- fused to lend their naval power. It was now that Cambyses received news that the throne ot Persia had been seized, during his absence, by a ilagian priest (iaumata, the Pseudo-Smer- dis. The usurper impersonated Bardiya, or Smerdis, Canibyses's brother, who had Ijeen assas- sinated, though the people did not know it, at the instigation of Cambyses himself. Startled by this bold impersonation of one whom he be- lieved to be dead, the guilty and crime-laden Cambyses hastened to retrace his steps to Persia, but died on the way, B.C. 522, at Ecbatana, which Herodotus (iii. 62-64) calls a city of Syria, but Jose))hus names Damascus. The oracle of Buto had prophesied he would die at Agbatana. but Cambyses always supposed the Median Ecbatana to i* meant by this. In cer- tain respects, the accounts of Herodotus (iii. 64) and Ctesias differ as to the manner of his death, but both attribute it to an ac.idental self-in- flicted wound. In the great BehisUin inscriiition I i. 43) Darius says that Cambyses die<l l>y a death self-inflieted," but the word ura-mariiyuS, lit. 'self-death,' seems rather, though not neces- sarily, to imply suicide. Regarding the character 76 CAMDEN. of Cambyses, if we follow Herodotus, his be- havior in Egypt was little short of that of a nuidman. His cruelties and sacrilegious acts were atrocious. He is said to have violated the tombs of the Egyptians, and even to have put some of their leading men to death. In an out- rageous manner he slabbed the sacred bull of Apis so that it died, and he caused tlie minister- ing priests to be scourged (lldt. iii. 2!)). But it must be added that this account is not easy to reconcile with an existing stele on which Cam- byses is portrayed as giving an honorable burial to the dead god Apis. On the whole, however, there can be no doubt that he was a dissolute and inhuman ruler. See Cyrvs; D.Rit"S : Me- Di.^ : Persia. CAMBYSES, KING OF PERSIA. A tragedy by Thomas Preston, published in Lond(m in 15U9 by John Allde. .-Vn undated edition was later brought out by Edward Allde. It has been re- printed by Hawkins and Dodsley. It is im- portant as marking the transition between the morality and the historical drama. It is written in Alexandrine rhymes, occasionally dro|)i)ing into heroics in the comedy passages. The melo- dramatic treatment of its subject is probaldy referred to by Shakespeare in his now proverl)ial expression of "speaking in King Canibyses's vein." CAM'DEN. A town and county-seat of Wil- co. County, Ala., 62 miles west by south of Montgomerv, on the Louisville and Xa.shville Railroad. It is in the fertile "Black Belt' of Ala- bama. Population, in IS'JO, 545; in 1900, 478. CAMDEN. A city and county-seat of Oua- chita (.ounty. Ark., 115 miles south by west of Little Rock, on the Ouachita River, and on the Saint Louis Southwestern and the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern railroads (Map: Arkansas, C 4). It has a considerable river trade, shipping cotton, lumber, ])oultrj', ;ind live stock, and contains machine-.shops. cotton-com- press, cottonseed-oil mill, lumber-mills, and wagon-works. Poi)ulation, in 1890. 2571; in 1900. 2S40. CAMDEN. A city, port of entry, and county- seat of Camden County, X. J., on the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected by several lines of steam ferries (Map: Xew Jersey, B 4). It is an imjiorlant railroad centre, the terminus of the Atlantic City and the West Jersey and Sea.shore railroads, and of divi- sions of the Pennsylvania Railroad. The city, which occupies an area of about 8 square miles on level ground, has regular streets, one-third of the total street mileage ( 180 miles) being paved, and, among the more luitable features, cont<ains a city hall and county buildings, a hos- pital, the West Jersey Orphaiuige, and several other benevolent institutions, good ])ublic schools, including an institution for manual training. Camden is an important shipping point: it has large nuirket gardens in tlie subiirban district-s adjacent, and is noted for it-s manufacturing and shipliuilding interests. The leading manufac- tures are machinery, foundn' products, cotton and woolen goods, oilcloth, lumber, chemicals, paints, steel pens, boots and shoes, etc. The gov- ernment is vested in a mayor, and a unicameral city council, with the customary stall of ad- ministrative officials. Camden sjiends annually