Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/17

CLAVICHORD. CLAY. lutioii of tln' piaimfoite. Its history ]>rcvi()us to the fifteenth century is unUnnwn. The ehivi- chord was shapeil like the square i)ianoforte, having a keyboard of white and hhuk keys, and strin>;s of brass wire set in vil)ration by the aetion of tangents or 'jaeks' covered with metal. Its tone, though weak, was delicate, and, unlike the harpsii luird, or spinet, in which tlu' strings were plucked or twanged liy ([uills or pieces of hard leather, it respondi'd to the gradations of the jdayer's touch. T!u' clavichord was used in Ciernianv until the beainniui; of the nineteenth CLAV1CHI)11I>. century. IJacli preferred it to the pianoforte of his day, and wrote an essay for his son. ^ er- o'Kc/i iibtr die iralire Art Khiricr zu spieten. for this instrument. Jlozart used the clavichord in composition, and Beethoven preferred it to other keyed instruments ; for upon it. he said, '"one could best control tone and expressive inter- pretation." See H.RPSicuoRn ; Spinet. CLAVICLE (Lat. claviciila, a little key, dim. of cliiris, key), or Coliab-Bone. A long bone, curved somewhat like the italic letter f. and placed at the upper and anterior part of the thorax, in a nearly horizontal position. In connection with the scapula or shoulder-blade, the clavicle forms the shoulder, and is the only bony connection between the upper extremity and the trunk. The inner extremity of the clav- icle articulates with the sternum (l)reast-t>onel and the cartilage of the first rib, while the outer extremity articulates with the scapula. The range of motion in the clavicle Is extensive — especially in a vertical direction — and the vari- ous movements of the arm are in this way read- ily accommodated. In the female the clavicle is smoother, slender, and presents a less marked curve. The length, also, is slightly less, and the position more nearly horizontal, ilanual labor, which brings the shoulder into constant exer- cise, renders the clavicle thicker and tougher, and therefore in right-handed peo]de the right clavicle shows greater development. Since the clavicle favors the lateral movements of the upper extremities, we do not find it in animals whose fore limbs are used only for pro- gression; but it is present in almost all animals whose anterior extremities are clawed and used for prehension. The clavicle is frequently fractured by direct violence, and also by indirect force, as in falling upon the hand. Dislocations are of less frequent occurrence. Ossification of the clavicle begins very early — even as soon as the thirteenth day, according to Beclard — and at birth this process is almost com- plete. Consult: Gray. Analoiin/, edited by Pick ( London, 18!).'!) : lloldcn, Iliniiiiii Osteology (New York, 1885). CLAVIER, kla-fei-' (from Lat. clavxs, key). U'lie (icrnian name for the pianoforte, and the ]>rototype of the clavichord (q.v.). In Fren<li, 'clavier' designates the keyboard of an organ or pianoforte. Vov the practice clavier, see Piano- forte. CLAVIJERO, or CLAVIGERO, klii'v,'. Ha'rA, Fram'Isco X.v^viER (17.'il-87). A ilcxican his- torian, born iu I'ra <'ruz. He early enteri'd the Order of the .Jesuits, and became a teacher of rhetoric and philosophy. He lived among the Indians in various parts of Mexico as a mis- sionary for many years, and made himself fully ac(|uainted with the languages, traditions, and anti<|uities of the aborigimil tribes. On the ex- jiulsion of the Mexican Jesuits by Spain, in 17(>7. lie sailed for Italy, and with others of his Order .settled in Bologna, where he founded an acad- emy. He wrote, in S|>anish, a work on early Mexican history: but. in order to publish it, he was obliged to translate it into Italian. The work finally apiieared as Htoria antini del Mes- iieo (1780) ; it is a comprehensive and valuable history of the Aztec Period. An English trans- lation was made by Cullen (London, 1787). Cla- vijero also wrote titoria delta Crilifornia (178!)), and works on physics and philosophy.' CLAVIGO, tSpun. pron. klii-ve'Go. A play by Goethe (177-t), based on an episode in the life of Jose Clavijo y Fajardo, a Spanish official and journalist. CLAVIJO, klii-ve'iifl. Don. A character in Don Quixote, delivered by Don Quixote from the form of a crocodile, into which he had been changed by enchantment. CLAVIJO, RuY Gonzalez de ( ? -1412). A Spanish traveler in the Orient. He was born in IMadrid, and in 1398 and 1403 was sent by Henry III. of Castile as ambassador to Tamer- lane. The route followed by him from his point of departure. Cadiz, took him to Trebizond. Ar- menia. Persia, and Khora.san. He arrived at Samarkand in 1404, and was well received at the Court of Tamerlane. After his death, his suite returned alone, after an absence of three years. The 'journal' of Clavijo was published under the title Historiu del gran Tamerhin e itinerario jl iiarrocioa del vinje, etc. (1582: reprinted in 1782). It is valuatde, not onlj' because of its high literary merit, but also for its historical importance. CLAVILEifO, Sp. pron. kUi've-la'ny6, El Altuero. The wooden horse, said to have been constructed by Jlerlin, which was managed by a wooden pin in its forehead; whence its name, 'the winged pin-timber.' CLAY (AS. clceg. Ger. Klei: ultimately con- nected with Lat. glus, gluten, glue, Gk. yml>t. gloios, gum, OCh. Slav, glenu. slime). A term applied to earthy material or soil which shows plasticity when wet, thus permitting it to l)e molded into any desired form, which it retains when dry. Its distinguishing charact^er is a physical one; for clay varies widely in other respects, being made up of fine mineral frag- ments, the most prominent of which may be the mineral kaolinite. a hydrated silicate of alu- mina. Clay is formed primarily by the decompo- sition of feldspathic rock in situ, and such a