Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/20

CLAY. the inch. It is then sent to an agitator, or large tank fitted with revolving paddles, to prevent sedimentation, from which tank tlie sorei'ned slip is forced l)_v means of compressed air into a series of canvas-lined compartments, known as a press, where the water is e.xjjelled by the force of the air. The press being loosened, the clay is removed in sheets or cakes one to two inches thick, weighing 30 to 40 pounds each, after which it is ready for the png-mill. Washing is ased in the prepaiation of some sorts of clay for making into ])ottery. IJiui.ioGRAPHY. liovk. Die Ziegelindustrie (Leip- zig. 1897) : Dummler. lla)idbiwh der Ziegel-fabri- Ualion (Halle, 1897) : Ries. The Clays of New York: Their Properties and Uses," in AVio York State Museum Bulletin No. 35 (Albany, )!)00 — contains much general information on the jiroperties of clay and the methods of manufac- ture) ; Young, The Ceramic Arts (New Y'ork, 1S78) ; Prime, Pnlteri/ and Porcelain of All Times and Nations (New York, 1878) ; Barber, Pottery and Porcelain of the United States (New York, 1900) : Langenbeck, The Chemistry of Pot- tery (Easton, Pa., 1890). Among the more im- |)ortant works issued by geological surveys of States are the following: Blatchley, "Clays of the Coal-Bearing Counties of Indiana," in Twen- tieth Annual Rcjiort of the Geological Survey of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1896) ; Branner, "Bib- liography of Clays and the Ceramic Arts," in I'nited States Geological Survey Bulletin No. I',.i (Washington, 1896): Buckley, "The Clays of Wisconsin," in Wisconsin Geological Survey Bulletins, vol. ii., part i. (Madison, 1901) ; Cook, "The Clavs of New .Tersev," in New Jersey Geo- logical Survey Report for 1878 (Trenton, 1878) ; Oi-ton, "Clays and Clay-Working Industries of Ohio," in Ohio Geological Survey, vol. vi., part i. (Columbus, Ohio, 1893); Ries, "The Clays of Alabama," in Alabama Geological Sur- rey BtUletin No. (Jacksonville, Fla., 1900); Ries, "The Clays and Clay Industries of North Carolina," in the North Carolina flcoloqical Survey Bulletin No. 13 (Raleigh, N. C, 1897) ; Ries, "The Clays and Shales of Michigan," in Michigan. Geological Surveij, vol. viii. (Lansing, Mich.,' 1901) ; Wheeler, "The Clays of Missouri," in Missouri Geological Survey, vol. xi. (.Jeffer- son City, Mo., 1896). See Alumina; Shale; Pipe-Clat; Kaolin: Fibe-Clay; Loam; Soil; Brick. For the character, distribution, and methods of manufacture in the United States, consult: The Mineral Industry (New-Y'ork, 1892 et seq. ) ; also, Davis, Practical Treatise on the Manufac- ture of Bricks, Tiles, and Terra-Cotta (Phila- delphia, 1895). CLAY, Cassius M.RCELLUS (1810-19031. An .American abolitionist and politician, born in Madison County, Ky. He graduated at Y'ale in 1832, returned to Kentucky to practice law, and was elected to the State Legislature in 183.5, in 1837, and in 1840, but in 1841 failed of reelec- tion on account of his strong anti-slavery opin- ions. In 1844 he made speeches in the Northern States in advocacy of the election of Henry Clay to the Presidency, and in the following year op- po.sed the annexation of Texas, and established at Lexington, Ky., The True American, a vigor- ous anti-slavei-y paper, which, however, was sup- pressed by a mob, but was revived by Mr. Clay, and was published thereafter in Cincinnati. He 8 CLAY. volunteered for service in the Mexican War in 1846, and was taken prisoner. In 1850 he left the Whig Party, and was the Anti-Slavery can- didate for Governor. In 1860 he supported Lin- coln, and in 1801 was appointed Minister to Russia, but returned to the United States in 1862. and was made major-general of volunteers. In 181)3, however, he resigned, and was again apjjointcd Minister to Russia, where he remained until 1869. He supported Greeley in 1872 and Tilden in 1876, but went over to the Republican Party to vote for Blaine in 1884. In the cam- paign of 1896 he was in the gold-standard wing of the Democratic Party. Consult his Life, Memoirs, Writings, and Speeches (Cincinnati, 1886). CLAY, Clement Claiborne (1819-82). An .'merican politician, born at Huntsville, Ala. He graduated at the University of Alabama in 1835, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. From 1842 to 1845 he was a member of the State Legislature, from 1846 to 1848 was judge of the iladison County Court, and in 1853 was elected to the United States Senate. Upon the secession of his State he withdrew from the Sen- ate, and was forthwith elected to the Confederate Congress. Having taken refuge in Canada at the overthrow of the Confederacy, he later gave him- self up, and in 1865-66 was imprisoned at For- tress ilonroe with Jeft'erson Davis. CLAY, Frederick (1840-89). An English musician. He was born in Paris, received his education under Molique in Paris and Haupt- mann in Leipzig; returned to England in 1860, and wrote several operas and operettas, which were successful. His works include: Constance (1865); Happy Arcadia (1872); Don Quixote (1875) ; Princess Toto (1875) ; The Golden Ring (1883); and the Black Crook, with Jacobi (1873) ; also incidental music to Ticelfth Night, songs, part-songs, and cantatas. CLAY, Green (1757-1826). An American soldier. He was born in Powhatan County. Va. ; became a pioneer settler in Kentucky, then a part of Virginia, about 1776; represented the district for some time in the Virginia Legis- lature, and was a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1799. In 1813 he led the force of 3000 which relieved General Harrison, then besieged by the British and Indians at Fort Meigs, and afterwards defended that fort against (Jeneral Proctor and Tecumseh. He was the father of Cassius Marcellus Clay, and a cousin of Heniy Clay. See Fort Meics. CLAY, Henry (1777-1852). An American statesman, known, from his skill in devising com- promises, as the 'Great Pacificator.' He was born April 12, 1777, in a neighborhood called "The .Slashes,' in Hanover County, Va. His father, a Baptist clergyman in humble circumstances, died when Henry was only four years old; and his mother, who seems to have been a woman of forcible character, was left ill provided for. Mrs. Clay married again in a few years, and her second husband secured for Henry the position of clerk in a retail shop in Richmond. This care- ful stepfather, however, noting the brightness and promise of the lad, usdd his influence in ob- taining for him an appointment in the office of the clerk of the High Court of Chancery, where he remained for four years. Here he attracted the notice of the Chancellor. George Wvthe, and