Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/29

CLEISTOGAMOUS FLOWERS. 17 flower-slallcs. Since thesp llowcrs are never open, they are necessarily self-pollinated; l>ut they are very fertile, anil produce an alnindanee of seed. The signiheauce of tliis dimorphism in the tlow- ers of so many ]>lants is not clear, it has heen suggested that, in ease cross iiollination is not secured by Wie showy flowers, the presence of self-pollinating cleistoganious llowcrs niaUes seed- production secure. However, some plants with cleistoganious tlowers. as grasses and rushes, are anemophilous (wind-pollinated), so that it is not a habit entirely related to the uncertain- ties of pollination by insects. In comparing the development of the cleistoganious and ordinary lloers, it is discovered that the fornu'r are like the latter at various stages of develo|)inent. The following quotation from Darwin's Dif- ferent Furins of l-'loireis presents some detailed differences: "In cleistoganious flowers, the petals are rudimentary or quite aborted ; their stamens are often reduced in number, with anthers of very small size, containing few pollen- grains, which have remarkably thin, transparent coats, and generally emit their tubes while still inclosed within the anther-cells; and, lastlj', the pistil is much reduce<l in size, with the stigma in some cases hardly at all developed. These flowers do not secrete nectar or emit any odor: from their small size, as well as from the corolla being rudimentary, they ai'c singular- ly inconspicuous. Consequently, insects do not visit them; nor, if they did, ccnild they find an entrance. Such flowers are, therefore, invariably self-fertilized; yet they produce an abundance of seed. In several cases, the young capsules bury themselves beneath the ground, and the seeds are there matured. These flowers are de- veloped before, or after, or simultaneously with the perfect ones." CLEMATIS. CLEI3TOGA.MY. A plant of Potygala poJygama, ahowing ordinary flowers on erect aerial sterns, and numerous cleistogamous flowers on underground stems. CLEISTOG'AMY. Flowers which remain closed through the blooming period, and hence for the most part exclude pollen from other flowers (cross-pollination) are said to exhibit deistogamy. See Clei.stouamous Flowkrs ; I'OLLI NATION. CLE'LAND, Wii.i.iAM (c.lUOI-89). An Eng- lish t'ovenanliiig poet. He is suppo.sed to have been born in Lanarkshire, Scotland. After leav- ing Saint Andrew's University, he joined the Covenanters, and at Bothwell I5ridge acted as captain. He was afterwards made lieutenant- colonel of the Cameronian KegiiiKnit, under Lord Angus Cameron, which was sent to ])iit down the ujirisiiig that followed the fall of Claverliouse at Killiecrankie. The Cameronians held out after a whole diiy's fighting at Dunkeld (.ugust 21. 1080) against heavy odds; but during the action Cleland was killed. He wrote tievcral I'ociiis (Old rcr.sc.s-, which appeared posthumously in lti!)7-; but he is better known through his connection with the Cameronian Kcgiment. CLELIE, kla'le'. The heroine of a romance of the same name, by JIademoiselle de ScudCry, originally issued under her brother's name (105U). ' CLEMANGES, kla'miiNzh', Nicolas de (c.l360-c.l4.'{4) . A French theologian — one of the ablest Roman Catholic theologians of the Middle Ages. He was educated in Paris, where lie studied theology under Pierre d'.illy. He was chosen rector of the university in 1393, and was esteemed, with his teacher and Gerson, the glory o{ the institution. He was an ardent advo- cate of reform in the Church, wrote strongly against the immoral lives of many of the higher clergy, and labored, with gi-eat pertinacity, to heal the schism then existing — especially by preventing the election of another Antipojie in place of the so-called Clement VII. But when Pedro de Luna (q.v. ) was elected by the Avi- gnon Cardinals in 1394, taking the name of Benedict XIII., Clem.anges became his secretary, thinking that in this position he could render a service to the divided Church. When, in 1407, it came to a breach between Benedict and the French Court. Ch'nianges, unjustly suspected of being the author of the bull of excommunication launched by Benedict against the King, left Avignon, and went first to his canonry at Lan- gres, and then into the retirement of the Carthusian monasteries at Valprofonds and Fontaine-du-Bosc. Here he pursued his studies. and produced several important works upon the Btudy of the Bible, and upon the corruptions then existing in the Church. In 141o he exer- cised a great influence on the Council of Con- stance, though never present in person, and made a strong plea for Church unity and purity. In 142.5 he returned to Paris and to his lectures on rhetoric and theology in the university, and there died, probably in 1434. His collected works, with a life by -T. M. Lydius, appeared at Lcyden in 1613. The often-quoted Op Riihia Erclcfiiw scK de Corrnpto Ecrle.iiw sintii. while frequently attributed to Cleiunnges, is demon- strabl.v not his. Consult IMiintz, yirolnx de Cte- manrirx. s<i rie et sex Merits (Strassburg, 1840). CLEM'ATIS (Ok. KX-nitaTh, IdemnHs, brush- wood, from K?'/iia, Iclenui. vine-shoot, from kAv, Iclati, to break). A genus of plants of the nat- ural order Rannnculace.T, having four colored .sepals, petals small or none, and numerous one- seeded achenes. with long, generally feathery, awns. The species, which number about 150, are