Napoleon III. was for a time an inmate of the prison, which is now used only for the temporary detention of prisoners.
CONCLAVE (Fr., Sp., Port., It., Lat., room which may be locked, from com-, together + clavis, key, Gk. κλείς, kleis, key, from κλεῖν, klein, to shut). Either the place where the cardinals assemble for the choice of a pope, or the assembly itself. In 1179 a Lateran Council decreed in its first canon that a two-thirds vote of the cardinals was essential for a choice. This decree was developed; and the regulations which are, substantially, still in force established by Gregory X. at the Council of Lyons in 1274. These rules are intended to provide against unnecessary delay or precipitation in election, and against any external interference with absolute freedom of choice. The large hall is divided into a number of small apartments, two rooms being allotted to an ordinary cardinal and three to one of princely rank. People are allowed to enter freely during the first day, at the end of which all entrances are absolutely closed except one, which remains under the strict supervision of officials designated for the purpose. Food and other necessaries are handed through a window, and are subjected to a rigorous examination, in order to prevent communication with the outer world, the cardinals not being allowed to leave the place, or to receive or send out letters, until a new pope is chosen. Consult: Zöpffel, Die Papstwahlen (Göttingen, 1871); for a more popular treatment, Trollope, The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They Are (London, 1876). A full and graphic description of a typical conclave, that which elected Alexander VII., will be found in Shorthouse, John Inglesant (London, 1881). See Pope.
CONCOM′ITANCE (ML. concomitancia, from Lat. concomitari, to accompany, from com-, together + comitari, to accompany, from comes, companion), Sacramental. In the Roman Catholic Church, a term which implies that the body and blood of Christ, sacramentally, accompany each other, so that under either form, whether wine or bread, both are sacramentally received. Hence the laity in that communion, although they are not permitted to take the cup, still are held to receive Christ's body and blood.
CONCOM′ITANT VARIATION, Method of. See Induction.
CONCONE, kṓn-kō′nắ, Giuseppe (1810-61). An Italian vocal teacher, born in Turin. He is widely known for his vocal exercises—solfeggi and vocalizzi—which are unusually attractive for works of their kind, and at the same time excellent for their special purpose. For about ten years Concone resided in Paris as a teacher. Returning to Turin in 1848, he was at the time of his death organist and choirmaster of the Court choir.
CONCORD, kŏṉ′kẽrd. A town in Middlesex County, Mass., 20 miles northwest of Boston; on the Concord River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: Massachusetts, E 3). It has manufactures of rubber goods and harness. The Massachusetts Reformatory is situated here. The government is administered by town meetings, held annually and at special call. Population, in 1890, 4427; in 1900, 5652. Concord, settled in 1635, is the oldest interior town in Massachusetts, and by the time of the Revolution had come to be “one of the great centres, not only of intellectual life, but also of political influence and power.” In August, 1774, the Middlesex Convention, the first county convention assembled in Massachusetts, was held here, every town being represented; and on October 11, under the stimulus of the Revolutionary agitation, the first Provincial Congress, presided over by John Hancock, met to consider the ways and means of resisting the tyrannies of the mother country. Later large quantities of ammunition and military supplies were stored here, and in an attempt made by the British to destroy them, on April 19, 1775, occurred the memorable fight which precipitated the War of the Revolution. (See Lexington.) In 1787, during Shays's Rebellion, a body of insurgents entered Concord and prevented the sitting of its courts. The town is chiefly notable for having been the home of a distinguished coterie of writers and thinkers, including Emerson, Thoreau, A. Bronson Alcott, Louisa M. Alcott, Hawthorne, and William Ellery Channing, ‘the poet.’ Consult: Hurd, History of Middlesex County (Philadelphia, 1890); Emerson, Historical Discourse Delivered in 1835 (Concord, 1835).
CONCORD. A city, capital of New Hampshire, and county-seat of Merrimack County, 75 miles north-northwest of Boston; on the Merrimac River and on the Boston and Maine Railroad (Map: New Hampshire, J 9). It has wide streets, shaded and well paved, and a good water-supply, owned and operated by the municipality. Among the principal buildings are the State House, built of granite, United States Government building, court-house, and city hall. State prison. State insane asylum, the Margaret Pillsbury Hospital, State Library, and Saint Paul's School (Episcopal) for boys. There are several parks: White's, Rollins, Fiske, Contoocook River, and Pennacook. In the Statehouse park is a bronze statue of Daniel Webster, and at Pennacook, a monument to Hannah Dustin. In the vicinity are extensive quarries of fine-grained white granite, the quarrying of which is one of the leading industries. The repair-shops of the Boston and Maine Railroad are situated here. The manufactures include carriages, silverware, harness, furniture, flour, cotton and woolen goods, leather belting and leather hose, pianos, shoes, etc. Industrial statistics for 1900 give the following figures: Number of industries, 81; invested capital, $1,959,238; value of production, $3,252,302; persons employed, 1829. Under the charter of 1853, as amended, Concord is governed by a mayor, chosen every two years, and a bicameral city council. The assessors and the school board are chosen by popular election; other appointments are controlled by the Mayor and Board of Aldermen, and the Council. Population, in 1890, 17,004; in 1900, 19,632.
Concord was founded in 1725, on the site of Pennacook, the chief village of the Pennacook Indians, and bore that name until 1733, when it was incorporated as Rumford. It suffered greatly in all the Indian wars and was the scene of a massacre in 1746. In 1765 Rumford was renamed ‘Concord.’ On the adoption of a State constitution it became the capital of New Hampshire, and in 1853 was incorporated as a city. Consult: Moore, Annals of Concord, N. H. (Con-
