Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/306

CONDENSER. 258 CONDITION. amount of the electric IhiiJ could be collected or condensed on a conducting surface. The princi- l)le of the apparatus is illustrated in the Frank- lin plate, which consists of a plate of glass with pieces of tinfoil on each side. If a positively charged body or the positive conductor of an electric machine is connected with one of the tin- foil coatings, it will communicate to it by con- duction a positive charge of electricity. If now the opposite plate is connected with the ground, the negative electricity is held bound, while the positive is repelled and passes to the ground. According!}' we have accumulpted equal amoiuits of positive and negative electricity on the tin- foil, and if the two surfaces are connected a bright spark results and the equilibrium is restored. Otherwise, the cliarge remains on the surface of the conductors until it is dissipated by leakage. The energy which is stored up in the condenser is expended "in producing the spark. The amovint of electricity that can be accumulated depends upon the capacity of the condenser and the po- tential of the charge. The Leyden jar consists of a Franklin plate in a cylindrical form, and as it is more compact and has greater capacity, it is more often used. In practice, however, the usual form of condenser consists of sheets of tin- foil separated from each other by paraffined paper, or in the ease of standard condensers sheets of mica, with the alternate sheets of tin- foil connected together to give considerable ca- pacity. The apparatus may be arranged so as to afford various amounts of capacity, and is much used in cable-testing and other branches of elec- trical work. The unit of capacity is the farad (q.v.), but condensers are generally constructed to give capacities in fractions or multiples of a micro-farad (TinyoiJTnr*"^'!) ' ^vhich is the unit or- dinarily employed. See Electricity. CON'DER, JosiAH (1789-1855). An English author, lie set up as a bookseller in London in 1811, and became proprietor and editor of the Eclectic Rei-iew in 1814 and editor of the Patriot newspaper in 1832. He published many works on religious, political, and miscellaneous sub- jects. The most popular of these was his Modern Traveler {1825-29), a series of 30 volumes de- scriptive of the various countries of the globe, of remarkable accuracy, though the author never traveled outside of his native country. CONDE-STJK-Ii'ESCATJT, koN'da' sijr la'sko' (Fr., Conde on the Scheldt, from Gall, condat, confluence + l""!'- ■s"'". on + Escat(t, Scheldt). A town in the Department of Nord, France, at the confluence of the Haine and the Scheldt and on the Conde-iMons Canal, eight miles northeastof Valenciennes. It dates from the Roman period and gave its name to the noble family of Conde. It has an interesting castle, a church, an arsenal, and strong fortifications constructed by Vauban. It manufactures starch, ehicoiy, leather, and soap. Population, in 1901, 4130; commune, 49G0. CONDE-SUR-NOIREAU, nwil'io'. A town in the Department of Calvados. France, on the Noircau River, 33 miles south-southwest of Caen by rail (!Map: France, F 3). Among its notable" features are the two venerable churches of Saint Sauveur and Saint IMark, and a bronze statue of Dumont d'Urville. the famous naviga- tor, a native of the town. It is an ancient town and a busy industrial centre, with cntton-spin- ing factories, manufactures of cutlery and leather, and an important trade in cattle, honey, and other agricultural jiroducts. Population, in 1901, G.591. CONDILXAC, koN'de'yak', Etiexne Bo.nnot DE (1715-80). A French philosopher. He was born at Grenoble, and in 1768 became a member of the French Academy of Sciences. He never attended the meetings of the Academy after his reception as a member, and passed his life mostly in great retirement. He died at his estate near Beangency. In 1746 he published his Essai sur Vorigine des connaissaiices hu- maines, a work which represented the views of Locke (q.v.). In his later works he carried out the sensational side of Locke's philosophy with great consistency. He believed that "the ego of each man is only the bimdle of the sensations he experiences and of those which memory recalls." He illustrated his view by describing an imag- ined growth in the consciousness of a max'ble statue as it received one by one various sense faculties. In addition to his first essay, he wrote: Traitc des sysiemrs (1749); liecherche sur Vorigine des idees que nous avons de la heautS (1749) ; Traiti des sensations (1754) ; and La lo'jique (1781), besides thirteen volumes of text- books he had prepared when tutor to the Duke of Parma, grandson of Louis XV. Consult: De- waule, Condillac et la psychologie anglaise con- iemporaine (Paris, 1892) ; Lewes, History of Philosophy (London, 1880) ; Rethore, Condillac oil I'cmpiri^me et le rationalisme (Paris, 1864) ; Robert, Les theories lorjiques de Condillac (Paris, 1869). CONDIMENTS (Lat. condimcntum, from condirc, to season, from com-, together + -dere, Skt. dha, to put). Seasoning agents, or sub- stances employed at table for the purpose of im- parting a flavor or seasoning to the ordinary solid or liquid food. The greater part of condi- ments are necessaiy to sustain the proper func- tions of the alimentary system, and, besides grat- ifying the appetite, minister, more or less, to the wants of the structure. The principal condi- ments are saline substances, sneh as common salt; acidulous bodies, such as acetic acid or vinegar; oily condiments, such as butter and olive-oil; saccharine substances, such as sugar and honey: and aromatic and pungent condi- ments, such as mustard, ginger, pepper, and pickles. CONDITION (OF. condicion, Fr. condition, from Lat. coudicio, agreement, from condicere, to agree, from com-, together -j- dicerc, to say). The popular name in American college parlance for a deficiency on the part of a student in exam- inations (q.v.). It derives its force from the fact that the student is permitted to go on with his class only on condition that the deficiency be made good within a given time, failing which hia name is dropped from the college rolls. CONDITION. In natural science and meta- physics, that in default of which a phenomenon does not occur. (See Caitsality.) In logic it denotes any qualification of the universal valid- ity of a statement. See Logic. CONDITION and CONDITIONAL. As a legal term, condition signifies a provision in a contract, conveyance, grant, or will, that an estate or interest in property, or a personal obli- gation, shall depend upon the happening of an uncertain event. The term is also applied to the