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CLEMENS. 19 CLEMENT. becrctary, and at Virginia City became a reporter and .stall' writer lor the Territorial Enterprise, revealing here lirst to the jjublie his powers o£ liuniorousl}' exaggerated description and sarcas- tic wit. From Nevada he followed the trend to San Francisco, tried mining in Calaveras County, made a voyage to the Sandwich Islands, and at- tracted attention us a humorous lecturer and writer of localized fiction. The success of his lectures and a book called by the name of the first .story. The Jumping Prog of Culaverus County (1SU7), led to his participating, with journalistic intent, in an e.cursion to the Ori- ent. His letters about his trip, in revised form, became the well-known Innoeents Abroad { 18G9) . which w'on him fame on both continents. Then for two years ( 181)9-7 1) Clemens edited the Buf- falo Express. In 1872 ho gathered reminiscences of far-Western life in Kougliiiig It. He moved to Hartford and became a frequent contributor to magazines and journals, chietly in a vein of exag- gerated humor. His next book was The Gilded Age (1873), written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner, and afterwards success- fully dramatized. Then eane The Adventures of Tom Satcyer (1876). A second trip to Europe furnished material for A Tramp .-Ibroad (1880) : Ihen followed The /Stolen White Elephant (1882) ; The Prince and the Pauper (1882), an historical romance; Life on the Mississippi (1883) ; and Euckleberry Finn (1885). In 1884 he engaged in the publishing enterprise of Charles L. Webster and Company, the failure of which, about a decade later, led him to make a lecture tour around the world (1805-90), by means of which he reestablished his fortune and more than cleared his connnercial honor. For ten years after 1890, Mr. Clemens lived chiefly in Europe. During this period he published A Connecticut Yankee at King Arthur's Court (1889); The American Claimant (1892); Merri/ Tales (1892) ; The £JM()0,000 Bank Note (1893) ; The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894); Tom Sawyer Abroad (1894); Personal Eeeollectio-ns of Joan of Arc (1890); More Tramps Abroad (1897); FolUnring the Equator (1897); The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900); and since his return to America .1 Double-Barreled Detective Htory (1902). A uniform edition of his works is issued by the Harpers. Although popularly known as a humorist, Mr. Clemens has a thoroughly serious side to his character, as has been shown by his discussion of political questions. He is also gifted with literary acu- men, as he showed in a review of Professor Dow- den's J/ife of t^hrlley, and in other papers subse- qiiently collected in book form. But his best, and perhaps his most permanent work, hps been done as a picaresque novelist in the Adventures of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. No other writer has so vividly por- trayed the irresponsible American boy, or so given his readers an adequate impression of the large, homely, spontaneous life led by native Americans in the great Valley of the Mississippi. CLEMENS, kle'menz, Titus Flavhts. See Olesient op Alexandria. CLEM'ENT (Lat. clemens. merciful, Gk. kXi)- liris. Hemes). The name of fourteen popes. Clem- ent T., commonly Icnown, in historical theology, as 'Clement of I?onie.' is probably not identical ^ith the Clement mentioned in Phil. iv. 3. After the Apostles, however, no one stood in liigher honor among the early Christians; in fact, he is sometimes, as by Clement of Alexandria, called an "apostle." In the lists of bishops which began to be produced in the latter half of the .second century, Clement stands third from Peter in the Uomaii succession — the best order being Linus, .VnacU'liis, (•Icmcnt. The provisional dates assigned to him by the best modern his- torians are ..o. 88-97 ; but there is much un- certainty about them. According to Jerome, Clement lived until the third year of Trajan (A.D. 101). His Epistle may be dated with liigh jirobability in the year 95 or !)(>. It was written in the name of the church in Rome to lliat in Corinth, and contains fraternal advice and counsel in view of disturbances which had arisen in the latter church. It is an impor- tant source for the history of Primitive Chris- tianity. It was for a long time honored as "Scripture," and read in public worship as late as the fourth centuiy. The other documents which bear Clement's name are not from him. What is known as II. Clement appears to be a second-century homily, of unknown origin. Several spurious epistles are attributed to him, besides the pseudo-Clementine "Recognitions and Homilies," on which see Clementina. Consult: J. B. Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers, part i.; Saint Clement of Rome (London, 1890) ; Ivnopf, Der erste Clemcnsbrief (Leipzig, 1899) ; Gregg, J'/ie Epistle of Saint Clement, Bishop of Rome (London, 1899) ; Kriiger, History of Early Christian Literature (New York, 1897); Har- nack, Chronologie der altchristlichen Litteratur (Leipzig, .1897); Briill, Der erste Brief dcs Clemens von Rom an die Corinther (Freiburg, 1883).— Clement II., Pope 1040-47. He was a Saxon, Suidger by name, and Bishop of Bam- berg. The Emperor Henry III., whose Chancel- lor he had been, made him Pope on the setting aside of the three rival claimants, Benedict IX., Gregory VI., and Sylvester III.; and he crowned Henry the next day. He was a determined op- ponent of simony, against which he held a synod a few months before his death. — Clement 111., Pope 1187-91. He was a Roman by birth, and Cai-dinal-Bishop of Palestrina. He settled some of the troubles between the Popes and the Roman people, incited Philip Augustus and Henry II. of England to undertake the Third Crusade, and in 1188 made the Scottish Churcli directly dependent upon Rome, removing it frfiiu t.ie jurisdiction of the archbishops of York. The title of Clement HI. was also assumed by Wi- bert (Guibert), Antipope from 1080 to' 1099 (died 1100 ) .—Clement IV., Pope 1205-68. Gui Foulquois le Gros, born at Saint Gilles. on the Rhone, of a noble Provengal family, at first a soldier, later Archbishop of Narbonne and Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina. He supported Charles of Anjou in his claim to the eroum of the Two Sicilies, against jManfred. the natural son of the Emperor Frederick IT. He was a iiuiu of austere piety, and set his face steadfastly against nepotism. He encouraged and protected Roger Bacon. — Clement V.. Pope 1305-14. Ber- fraiid de Goth, Archbishop of Bordeaux. Tie was strongly under the influence of Philip the Fair, at whose bidding he supjiressed the Order of Tem- plars (see Templar. Knights), and was the first of the Popes to reside at Avignon, which con- tinued to be the seat of the P.^pacy for nearly