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CONRAD. 310 CONKING. prominent part in the proceedings of the second commission appointed to revise the civil code of Germany. In 1878 he became editor of the Jahr- hiicher fur 'N atiumdiikonomie unci tStalistilc, and associate editor of the Hdiidicorterbuch der Staatsimssenschaftcn (1S89-95; 2d ed. 1898 et seq. ). His works include: Dan Unii-ersitiits- studium in Dciitscltland milirciid dcr Iclzlcii liuifzig Jahre (1SS4); (Inindriss zinn Studiiini, der polUisflwn Oclonoinie, which work, originally published in 1S9G, within five years had ap- peared in a third edition. CON'RAD, .losEPti. Au English novelist, the son of a Polish revolutionist. He passed his youth in Poland. On the death of his father, Conrad, then only thirteen years old, wandered to Marseilles, where he became a merchant sea- man and afterwards captain in the merchant service. He has embodied his experiences in the JUalay Archipelago in novels, fresh in subject and in style. They comprise: Almayer's Folly (1895) ; Ati Outcast of the Islands (1896) ; The Nigger of the Narcissus, published in the United States as The Children of the Sea (1897) : Tales of Unrest (1898); Lord Jim (1900); The In- heritors, with r. M. Hueffer (1901); Typhoon (1902). and others. CONRAD, Robert Taylor (1810-58). An American judge and dramatist, born in Phila- delphia, Pa. While a student he wrote Conrad of Naples, a tragedy successfully represented in many cities. He wrote also for the press, and in 1832 began the Daily Intelligencer, which was soon merged in the Philadelphia Gazette. Fail- ing health compelled his retirement from edi- torial work, and he became judge of the Court of Criminal Se.'?sions, continuing until its dis- solution, when he resumed his literary work and became editor of Clraham's Magazine and associate editor of the Philadelphia North Ameri- can. From this work he was called to be mayor of his city, and from 185(3-57 was judge of the Court of Quarter Sessions. Judge Conrad, al- though an able lawyer and a brilliant orator, will be best remembered by his literary productions, notably his .lylmere, or the Bondman of Kent. a drama which Edwin Forrest purchased and played. In 1852 this was published with other poems. CONRAD, Timothy Abbott (1803-77). An American jjaleontologist, born in New Jersey. He was geologist in 1837 and paleontologist from 1838 to 1841, to the State of New York, and published a number of works whose high scien- tific value was recognized in Europe as well as in the United States. His paleontological wTitings include: American Marine Conchology (1831); Fossil Shells of the Tertiary Formations of the United States (1832); A'Monography of the Family Unimiidw of the United States (12 parts, 1835-59). He was also the author of numerous original papers, a list of which may be found in the catalogue of the Royal Society of Eng- land. CON'RADE. (1) In Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing, a follower of Don Juan, taken in custody by Dogberry and Verges. He is the bastard brother of Don Pedro. (2) In Scott's Talisman, the Marquis of Montserrat, a con- spirator against Eichord Cffiur de Lion. CONRADER, kon'ra-der, Georg (1838—). A German painter. He was boru at Munich, studied under Piloty at the academy there, and first attracted attention by his "Tilly in the Grave - Digger's Dwelling at Leipzig." Other works of his are: "The Destruction of Carthage" (Maximilianeum, Munich), and "The Death of the Emperor .Joseph II." He was appointed to a professorship in the Munich Academy. CONRADIN (kon'ra-dsn) OF SWABIA (1252-08). The son of Conrad IV., and the last descendant of the imperial house of Hohenstaufeu (q.v. ). At his father's death he was only two years old. Innocent IV. immediately seized upon the' young prince's Italian possessions, on the plea that the son of a prince who died excommu- nicated had no hex-editary rights; and other ene- mies of the House of Hohenstaufen were only too glad to follow the Pope's example. Conradin as not left, however, totally friendless. His uncle ilanfred took up arms in his behalf, drove the Papal foi'ces from Naples and Sicily, and, in order to consolidate his nephew's authority, declared himself King till the young prince came of age. This antagonism between the Papacy and the Hohenstaufen induced Clement IV. to offer the crown of the Two Sicilies to Charles of Anjou (q.v.), an able warrior and ])olitician. Charles immediately invaded Italy, and met his antagonists in the plain of Gran- della, where the defeat and death of Manfred, in 120G, gave him undisturbed possession of the kingdom. The Neapolitans, however, detested their new master, and sent deputies to Bavaria to invite Conradin, then in his fifteenth year, to come and assert his hereditary rights. Conradin accordingly made his appearance in Italy, and, being joined bj- the Neapolitans in large num- bers, gained several victories over the French, but was finally defeated, and, together with his rela- tive, Frederick of Baden, taken prisoner near Tagliacozzo, August 23, 1268. The two unfortu- nate princes were executed in the market-place of Naples, on October 29. Consult Schirrmaeher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen (GGttingen, 1871). CONRART, kox'rar', V.^^lentin (1603-75). A French writer, born in Paris. A careful stu- dent of modern languages, he became an au- thority on matters of style. He gathered about him a" weekly circle of litterateurs, who read and discussed original works. In 1634, under the auspices of Richelieu, this company was organ- ized by royal letters patent as the French Acad- emy, of wliieh Conrart became perpetual secre- tary. He wrote little — a few poems, letters, and brief Memoires, besides compiling copious extracts from contemporary writers. Hence the well-known verse from the First Epistle of Boileau : " J'imite de Conrart le silence prudent." Consult Kerviler and Barthelemy, Conrart, sa ■ vie et sa correspondanee (Paris, 1881). CON'RING, Hermann (1606-81). A Ger- man physician, jurist, and miscellaneous writer, born at Xorden, East Friesland. He studied at Helmstedt and Leyden, in 1632 was appointed professor of natural philosophy at Helmstedt, and in 1636 professor of medicine. He subse- quently was transferred to the chair of poli- tics. In 1664 he was granted a pension by Louis XIV. of France, and in 1669 was ap- pointed by the King of Denmark a Councilor of State. He was a determined opponent of al- chemy, and contended for the pharmaceutical value of chemistry and for Harvej^'s theory of