Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/618

CRACOW. 532 CRAFTS. cast of Vienna. Cracow, with its numerous churches, towers, and old castle, presents an im- posing aspect from without. It consists of the inner town and a nuuil)er of suburbs. The old walls surrounding the inner town have been de- molished, and promenades laid out on their site. Cracow is one of the oldest cities of Poland, and bears the marks of its age in its imposing build- ings as well as in its general appearance. First among the numerous churches of Cracow is the old Gothic cathedral, situated near the castle. 11 was erected under Casimir the Great, in the fourteenth century, and is famous for the numer- ous tombs of Polish kings and heroes it contains, including those of Sobieski, Poniatowski, and Xosciuszko. It is also adorned with numerous monuments, several of them by Thorwaldsen, and its treasury contains some remnants of the former splendor of Poland. The Church of Saint Mary, a Gotliic basilica, was founded in the thirteenth century, and several times rebuilt since then. It contains a magnificent high altar by Veit Stoss, and a number of monmnents. Besides these churches there are a number of very interesting media;val ones. Among the interesting secular buildings is the former royal castle, situated on a broad hill at the southwest- ern end of the town; it was built in the thirteenth centurj', and suffered greatly from conllagra- tions: its remnants are used as barracks and a hospital. The old cloth-hall, dating from the thirteenth century, is now used as an art mu- seum, and contains paintings by Polish artists, such as JNIatejko. Siemiradzki, and others. In front of the cloth-hall is a bronze statue of Mickiewicz, one of Poland's greatest poets. Among other notable buildings and historical monuments are the university, the old and new theatres, and the Rondell, a relic of the old for- tifications. The chief educational institution is the famous university, styled the Jagellonian University, founded by Casimir the Great in 1304. It developed very rapidly, and eventvially became the intellectual centre of Poland. At present it has faculties of jurisjirudence, philosophy, and theology, with an attendance of over 1300 stu- dents. The university library contains over 300,- 000 volumes, besides numerous manuscripts, en- gravings, ancient documents, etc. Attached to the university are also an observatory, a botanical garden, a natural history museum, and a number of other institutions. Among other jjrominent educational establishments are the Royal Acad- emy of Sciences, and the art school (until 1893 under the supervision of Slatejko), several semi- naries, and a number of artistic and literary so- cieties. The Czartoryski Museum contains a col- lection of sculptures and antiquities and a fine picture gallery, with samples of the Italian and Dutch schools. Economically Cracow is only of slight impor- tance. The manufacturing industries include the production of machinery, textiles, leather, chemicals, etc. The trade is mostly in raw prod- ucts, such as gi'ain, wood, salt, animals. In the vicinity of the city is situated Kosciuszko Hill, a mound 65 feet high, erected in 1820-23 by the residents of Cracow, in honor of Kosciuszko. and since converted into a fort. The fortifications of Cracow are very extensive. Population, in 1800. 74,503: in 1000. 01.310; consisting mostly of Catholic Poles and .Tews. Cracow rose into importance in the Middle Ages as the seat of a bishopric and a centre of com- meicc and trade, its prosperity being enhanced by the influx of German innnigranls. It suffered terribly at the hands of tlie Tatars in the thir- teenth century. It became the capital of Poland in 1320, and after having been superseded by War- saw in 1010, it still remained the place where the Polish kings were crowned and buried. It later became exceedingly impo'erished, so that at the end of the eighteenth century its population was only about 10,000. In 1055 and 1702 the tom was taken by the Swedes. If w'as the start- ing-point of the rising of the Poles for independ- ence luider Kosciuszko in 1794, and came into the possession of Austria at the third partition of Poland, in 1795. From 1809 to 1815 Cracow formed a part of the Duchy of Warsaw. The short-lived Republic of Cracow, established at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, under the pro- tectorate of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, was the last renmant of an independent Poland. It consisted of the city of Cracow an-d some ad- jacent territory, with a total population of about 140,000. The participation of a portion of the population in the Polish uprising of 1830 gave Russia an opportunity for military occupa- tion. After that Cracow was repeatedly occu- pied by foreign troops. The little republic took a leading part in the Polish insurrection of 1846. The patriots were at first successful, but their overthrow soon ensued, and Cracow was annexed to Austria in the same' year. In 1849 it was incorporated with Galicia. Cracow remains to the present dav a great focus of Polish national life. CRACOW, FxT^-ERSiTT OF. See Cr.i.cow. CRAD'DOCK, Charles Egbert. The nom-de- plumc of Mary N. Murfree (q.v.), the Southern novelist. CRADLE OF LIBERTY. The. The name popularly given to Faneuil Hall. Boston, as the .scene of early popular protests against British rule. CRADOCK, knid'ok. Sir. See Caradoc. CRAFT OF LOVERS, The. A poem assigned to Chaucer by .Tohn Stowe, who added this poem and a number of other spurious compositions, most of which were extremely inferior, to the edition of 1561. The author is unknown. CRAFTS, James Masox (1830—). An Ameri- can chemist. He was born in Boston, and re- ceived his education at the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard. In 1859 he went to Ger- many, and studied at the Academy of ilines of Freiberg and at the University of Heidelberg. At the latter institution he acted for some time as private assistant to Robert Bunsen. In 1861 he went to Paris, and there, in Wiirtz's labora- tory, he first met Charles Friedel, in conjunction with whom he later carried out some of his most brilliant researches. In 1865 he returned to the United States, and, after devoting some time to mining, accepted the position of head professor of chemistry and dean of the faculty at Cornell University, where he remained until 1870. Dur- ing the following four years he acted as profes- sor of chemistry at the 'Massachusetts Institute of Tcchnoloay. but in 1874 took leave of absence, foired Friedel in Paris, and devoted himself ex- clusively to scientific research. His investiga- tions were mainly in the field of organic chemis- trv, but his name is connected also ■with many