Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/626

CRANBERRY INSECTS. 538 CRANE. — the blacklicaded lire-worm (Hhopobata vac- ciniana) , which defoliates the bushes, and a span-worm {Avrohasis vaccinii), which attacks the fruit. lor the first, Prof. J. B. Smith, author of a treatise on "Insects Injuriously Af- fecting Cranberries," in Special liullvtiii K, "Sew Jersey Ayrkullurul Collcye Experiment Ulation (Now Brunswick, N. J., 1890), reeonnnends rellowing the land and application of kerosene or Paris green; for the second, Paris green or London purple applied after the leaves are mostly gone and the berries are set. A scale, a leaf-hopper, and certain locusts and crickets are also harnifvil. CRAN' BROOK, Gathorne Gatiiorne- Hardt, first Earl of (181-t— ). An English statesman, born at Bradford. He was educated at Oxford, and was appointed Under Secretary of State for the Home Department in 1858, two years after his election to Parliament. In 1865 he was again elected to Parliament as the repre- sentative of the University of Oxford, defeating Jlr. Gladstone in that electoral contest. In 1867- 68 he was Home Secretary, and was subsequently Minister of War (1874-78), Secretary of State for India (1878-80) under Lord Beaconsfield, and Lord Secretary of the ("ouncil under the Marquis of Salisbury ('l885 and 18S(i-!l2). He was raised to the peerage in 1878 as Viscount Cranbrook, and was created Baron Medway in 1892. CRANCH, Christopher Pearse (1813-92). An American artist and poet, boi'n at Alexandria, Va. lie studied theology at Cambridge, Mass., and became a Unitarian clerg;s'nian. In 1842 he retired from the ministry. He associated him- self with the Transcendentalists. and wrote verse for Thc.Dial, but in 184G went to Europe to study art, remaining there until 1803. He returned to America in 1864; but after 1871 devoted himself wholly to literature, to which he had already con- tributed Poems ( 1844 ) . two juveniles. The Last of the niirjgermiifjgers (1850), and Kohboltozo (1857). Plis later works were a blank verse translation of the .^neid ( 1872) : Satan, a libret- to (1874): The Bird and the Bell, with other poems (1875); Ariel and Calihan (1887). He was a man of genuine culture, who, growing up in the midst of more gifted spirits, failed to make a deep impression upon his generation. He is probably best remembered for his good stanzas beginning "Thought is deeper than all speech." CRANCH, W1LLI.A.M (17G9-1855). An Ameri- can jucii;e, horn at Weymouth. He graduated at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in 1790. In 1801 he was appointed a justice of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Colum- bia, and in 1S05 was made Chief .Justice, which position he held until his death. He published: Reports of Cases in the United States District Court of the District of ColumWa (1801-41); and the Siii>rrmr Cotirt Reports (1800-15). CRAN'DALL (PHILLEO), PRrDENCE( 1S03- 90). An American educator and philanthropist. She was bom at Hopkinton, R. I., of Quaker parentage; was educated at the Friends' School in Providence. R. I. : taught for a time at Plain- field. Conn., and in 1831 established a private school for girls in Canterbury. Early in 1833 she admitted a colored girl into the school, and thereby aroused the violent opposition of her neighbors. This led her to abandon her original plan, and to open her school unreservedly to ■"young ladies and little misses of color." Ac- cordingly slie issued an announcement to that effect in the Liberator of March 2, and early in April received fifteen or twenty colored pui)ils. Her neighbors then began a systematic course of persecution, and endeavored by boj-cott, insult, and abuse, and by enforcement of an obsolete vagrancy law, to break up the school. Pulilic meetings were called, petitions were circulated, and on May 24 the celebrated 'Black Law' of Connecticut was passed forbidding any one to "set up or establish in this State any school, academy, or literary institution for the instruc- tion or education of colored persons who are not inhabitants of this State," or to instruct or teach in any such school. For refusing to obey this hiw Miss Crandall was arrested, was im- prisoned in the Canterbury jail, and in October was convicted, though the Court of Errors re- versed the decision of the lower court on a technicality, in July, 1834. Soon afterwards Miss Crandall's house was assaulted and partial- ly destroyed, and she finally decided to abandon her project. The whole affair attracted much attention throughout the country and served to intensify the conflict between the abolitionist and anti-abolitionist elements among the Xorth- trn people. A short time after giving up her school Miss Crandall married the Rev. Calvin Philleo. and passed the rest of her life in New Vork, Illinois, and Kansas. Consult May. Recol- lections of the Atiti - Slavery Conflict (Boston, 1869). CRANE. The largest of the wading birds (Grail*). They constitute the family Gruida>, which occupies a very distinctive position be- tween the trumpeters and the rails, being con- nected with the latter by the limpkins, or Ara- mida'. All are tall, long-legged, long-necked birds, with the head more or less naked, but sometimes tufted, rather long, straight, com- pressed beaks, short but powerful wings, short tails, the feet unwebbed, and the hind toe greatly elevated: they are like herons in appearance, but resemble rails in structure. One remark- able feature is the enormous development of the windpipe within the keel of the breastbone, where it is coiled and twisted before emerging into the neck; the extreme development of this is found in our American whooping crane, where the trachea reaches four or five feet in length in old age (it is perfectly straight and simple at birth), and the convolutions act like those of a French hunting-horn in producing the extraor- dinary resonance of tone for which the voice of this species (see Iris) is noted. About eighteen species of crane are known, representing three genera and all parts of the world except South America and the JIalayan and PolTiesian archi- pelagoes. The best-known, perha]is. is the Euro- pean crane, which is about four feet high, ashy gray, with a blackish face and throat. The tertial feathers of the wings are so prolonged as to droop over the quills; their webs are fibrous and disconnected, a7id fomierlv they were much )ised as ornamental plumes. This peculiarit.v characterizes most other species to a greater or less extent, and some species have the power to elevate these plumes at will, forming a striking ornament. All the cranes of the temperate zone migrate, some going annually to the far north to breed ; and the coming of flocks in the spring,