Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/649

CRKEKS. 557 CBEIGHTON. Cherokee. The ruling tribe was the Muscogee, whose hmgiiage was the court hinguagc, besides which there were the Alabama, Ilichitee, Koasati, and others of the same iluskhogcan slock, with the Uehee and Natchez (q.v), and a considerable incorporated band of Shawano. The Seminole of Florida w'ere an oft'shoot from the JIuseogee con- federacy. They were agricultural, but warlike, living in villages of log houses, plastered on the outside with clay, and arranged in a rectangle about a central space reserved for public cere- monies, chief of which was the annual 'busk,' or green-corn 'dance. In the Colonial wars, and dur- ing the Revolution, they generally adhered to the English side. They made a treaty of peace with the United States in 1790, but in "lS13, instigated by the English, again took up arms against the Americans, beginning hostilities by the. terrible massacre of Fort Jlims. They were completely crushed by General Jackson in a brief hut bloody campaign, in three battles in which they lost respectively 200, 300, and 800 warriors killed. Utterl}' broken, the Creeks were compelled to sue for peace, which was granted only on sub- mission to a peremptory 'demand' for the sur- render of more than half their ancient territory. Other cessions quicklj- followed, until in 1832 they sold all their remaining territory and agreed to remove beyond the ilississippi to their present habitat in the Indian Territory-. Like the other Southern tribes, they were divided in sentiment during the Civil War, and suffered severely, in that struggle. Under the name of the 'Creek Nation' they conduct an autonomous govern- ment, similar in form to that of the Cherokees (q.v.). The nation numbers 10,000 citizens, of whom about two-thirds are of pure or mixed Creek blood. CREEL'MAN, James (1§59— ). An Ameri- can editor and newspaper correspondent, born in Montreal, Canada, He was first associated with the Xew York Herald (1877), and eventually became editor of its London and Paris editions. During the war between China and Japan, he was correspondent for the New York M'orlcl, and in the Turco-Greek War did similar work for the New York .Journul, which paper he also repre- sented at Santiago during the Spanish-American War, where his gallant conduct met with wide and well-deserved recognition. He was a volun- tary aide on General Lawton's staff during the Philippine insurrection. His publications in- clude: On the Great Eiqhway: Wanderings and Adventures of a flperlal Correspondent (1901), ajid. VUkjIb Blood (1902). CREEP (from eree.p. AS. crC-opan, Icel. krja- pa, OUG. ehriochxxn, Ger. krieeheu, to creep). A miner's term for the depression which takes place in underground workings from the removal of beds of coal or ore. ]Masses of the coal-scam, like huge pillars, are left by the miners for the support of the superincumbent strata ; the pres- sure, however, of these beds is so great that, in course of time, the roof gradually sinks, or, as is more frequently the case, because of the roof con- sisting of hard rock, the softer shale pavement rises up. until the interv'ening spaces between the pillars, left by the removal of the coal, are filled up. A consequent depression takes place in the beds above, as also an alteration of the sur- face level, Hut this, being so gradual, is seldom noticed, except when it is made evident from the accumulation of surface-water, or in districts where railways pass over the coal-fields. The term is also used in geology to designate the movement of soil or rock outcroppings down a slope, CBEEFEB. A name very generally applied to any bird, especially if of small size, which seeks its food by running or creeping aliout upon the trunks of trees. It is more properly applied to the members of the family Certhiiihe and espe- cially of the genus Certhia. They have a slender, arched, and pointed bill: a long, narrow, sharp- pointed tongue, jagged near its ti|): the tail rather long, and the tips of the tail-feathers firm and pointed, extending beyond the webs. The feet are ratlier slender: the hinder toe about as long as the other toes. Of this conformation of feet and tail great use is made in climbing trees, the stiff feathers of the tail being employed for sup- port. They display great agility in clambering, often back down, about the branches, and prol)e every cranny for hiding insects or insect-eggs. They make their nests in crevices in trees, old woodpeckers' holes, etc. Although the family is large, it is doubtful if the genus contains more than one true species, the common streakeil-brown creeper ^Certhia familiaris) . a bird found in all temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere, wherever wood abounds. In the United States the word creeper is very generally used as a part of the name of several warblers, as the pine- creeper (Dendroica pinus) and the black-and- white creeper (Mniotilta raria) . In .Tamaica the name is given to a small species (CerthioUi Baha- ))iF»isis) , otherwise known as banana-bird, because it frequents and nests in the banana-trees. See Hoxey-Creepkr : Tree-Creeper, CREEPING PLANTS, Plants whose stems I'un close to tlie surface of the soil and root at in- tervals. See Stem ; Vegetath'e Propagation, CREESE, or CREASE. See Kbis. CREFELD, kra'felt. See Kbefeld. CREIGHTON, kra'ton, Maitoeli, (1843- 1901). An Anglican prelate and historian. He was born at Carlisle, Northumberland, gradu- ated from ilerton College, Oxford, in 1866, with the highest honors, and continued there as tutor until 1873. In 1870 he became deacon, in 1873 priest, and in 1875 assumed the college living at Embleton in his native shire. He was appointed rural dean of Alnwick in 1879, honorary canon of Newcastle in 1882, and professor of ecclesiias- tical history at Cambridge in 1884. In 1891 he became Bishop of Peterljorough and remained there until 1897, when he was transferred to the see of London and was made a Privy Councilor. He represented Emmanuel College, Cambridge, at the celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of Harvard L'niversity (1S86), and in 1890 attended the coronation of Czar Nicholas II. as delegate of the Church of England. As Bishop of London, wdiich office he retained until his death. Dr. Creighton, although knovn as a High Churchman, acted with signal skill and im- partiality in the numerous delicate questions of theological interpretation which confronted him. Besides his fjistorj/ nf the Pnpneri (5 vols., 1882-94), which is an authority, his Age of Eliz- abeth (1876) and Cardinal WoUry (1888) de- serve es]ieeial mention. He was also the founder and first editor of the English Historical Review.