Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/667

CKILLON. 575 CBIIiEEA. was trained for war under Francois de Lorraine, Duke of Guise, then the model of military chiv- alry. In 1558 he f;avc proof of his valor at the siege of Calais, and soou afterwards at the cap- ture of Guines. In the relijiious wars he fought against the Huguenots, and distinguished him- self at the hattles of Dreux, Jarnao, and Moncon- tonr. He was likewise present at the battle of hepanto, in 1571, and, though wounded, was ap- pointed to carry the news of the victory to the Pope and the French King. He ilisajiproved strongly of the massacre of Saint ISartliolomew, but in 1573 he took part in the siege of La Ro- chelle. He accompanied Henry of Anjou to Po- land, and after the latter's accession as Henry J] I. continued faithful to his sovereign iu his struggle with the Catholic League. Henry IV. found in him a sincere friend and adviser, and called liim 'Le Brave des Braves.' After the peace with Savoy, Crillon retired to Avignon, and. after the fashion of a true Catholic warrior, ended his days '"in the exercise of piety and penance," CRIM. CON. An abbreviation for Ckiminal CoxvEESATlox, which is the technical term for adultery with another man's wife. It is no de- fense to an action by the husband, in such a case, that the wife freely assented to the defendant's request, for the husband does not sue for a wrong done to her, but to himself. The gist of the action is the shame which has been inflicted upon him, and the hazard, to which he is subject, of maintaining spurious issue. It is, therefore, quite distinct from the wrong of enticing the wife away from the husband, al- though, like seduction (q.v. ), it is looked upon as a personal injury to the husband. He may condone the wife's olfense, and thus lose his right to secure a divorce, without affecting his right to damages against the paramour. It has been judicially declared that the law will not hold a party remediless for an injury of this kind be- cause, through the exercise of Christian virtue, the influence of family interest, or even in the want of what may be regarded as true manly spirit, he forgives an erring wife, and trusts in her reformation and promise of futui'e good conduct and virtue. He may forgive the wife without forgiving the author of the defilement, and of his loss, wrong, and injury. See Adux- TERT, and consult the authorities there referred to. CRIME (OF., Fr. crime, It. crimine, from Lat. crimen, accusation, from cernere, Gk. Kpiveiv, krincin, to decide) . Crime has been defined as "disobedience to a eonmiand or pro- hibition made with reference to a matter affect- ing public peace, order, or good goverinnent to which a sanction is attached by way of com- pensation for the injury which the act or omis- sion may have caused to an individual." The same act, e.g. assault and battery, may subject the actor to a criminal prosecution by the State, and to a civil action in tort by the in- jured individual. Such an act is at once a breach of the public peace and an invasion of the injured person's rights. In England and in each of our States certain offenses are crimes at common law. while others are made so by statute. CriminnI offenses against the Ignited States, however, are nil nf statutory origin. The common-law classification of crimes was into treason (q.v.), felony (q.v.), and misdemeanor (q.v.) ; treason being separated from other higli crimes because of its cliaracter, its mode ol trial, and its punishment, and the cliief distinction between a felony and a misdemeanor being that the former occasioned the forfeiture of landa and goods, while the latter did not. Ckijiixal I.tent. In order that an act shall amount to a crime, it must be conniiitted with a criminal intent. It is not a crime to take the life of a human being if this is done pursuant to a legal connuand, as in the case of a sheriff inflicting capital punishment ui)on a duly con- victed and sentenced criminal ; nor if it is the result of accident. In neither case does the per- son causing the other's death intend to commit a criminal act. But criminal intent is not neces- sarily synonymous with actual intent to become a criminal. A general criminal intent exists when the actor has an intellectual apprehension of the nature of the act which the law pro- nounces criminal, and voluntarily assents to its commission. In most crimes, no other intent is required. At times, however, the law requires a specific intent, as in the case of the transfer of one's property with intent to defraud his creditors, or sending poison to another with intent to injure him. Here, something more than kno^^■ingly and voluntarily disposing of the property, or sending the poison, is necessary to the commission of the crime, viz. the disposi- tion or the sending with the specific intent to defraud or to injure. Insanity (q.v.) relieves its victim from criminal liability when it ren- ders him incapable of forming a criminal inten- tion. 'S'oluntary drunkenness, even when causing temporary insanity, does not so relieve its vic- tim, although it. may be taken into account in crimes requiring a specific intent on the part of the actor, in determining whether he did the particular act with the specific intent. Infancy also relieves from criminal liability when the in- fant is incapable of forming a criminal intent. (See Age.) Analogous to insanity and infancy, as an excuse for an act otherwise criminal, is coercion or duress (q.v.) when of such a char- acter as to destroy the voluntary nature of the act. See Accessory; Principal; Punish- ment; also Criminal Laav; Criminology, and the authorities there referred to. CRIME AND PUNISHMENT. A novel by Dostoyevsky, publislied in 180G. It is a study of the' gradually weakening intellect and final in- sanity of a yoimg Ilu'ssian artisan whom want has led to commit mtirder. CRIME'A (Euss. Krim, Krym, Lat. Chersone- si:s Taiirir(i). A peninsula in the south of Rus- sia, forming part of the Government of Taurida, and comprising the districts of Perekop. Enpa- toria, Simferopol, Yalta, and Feodosia (Map: Russia, D 5). It is united to the mainland by tne very narrow isthmus of Perekop. between the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov, and separated from the peninsula of Taman. on the east, by the narrow Kertch Strait. The Crimea is thus al- most stirrounded by water — on three sides by the Black Sea and on the lourth by the Sea of Azov: while a trench 70 feet wide and "25 feet across the isthmus of Perekop cuts it off from the main- land. The Crimea is quadrilateral in shape: but a long, narrow peninsula juts out on the east which increases the extreme length of the terri-