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CBINOIDEA. 588 CRIPPLEGATE. crinus, and Eucalyptocrinus. In the Devonian system some localities have yielded good material. The Lower Carlioiiiferons rocks of the ii])])cr ^Mississippi Valley are tlic most renowned sources of fossil crinoids. The shaly limestone beds at Burlington, Iowa, and Crawfordsville, Ind., have furnished hosts of finely jirescrvcd sjiecimens, which are to be seen in geological collections all over the world. The Slesozoic rocks of Eurojjp, especially the Liassic and Jurassic, have fur- nished some fine examples of Encrinus, Apio- crimis. and the pentacrinids, but the rocks of this era in America hold only rare occurrences of members of this class. The only find of note — and that was one of great importance — was that of L'intacrinus in the Cretaceous chalk of western Kansas. The Tertiary rocks seem to be poor in fossil remains of this group. BiBLiotiKAPHT. General descriptions of the class, and notes on the habits of the animals, can be found in: Agassiz. Three Ci-uises of the Blake, vol. ii. (Bostonand Xew York, 18SS) : Walther, Einlcitung in die Geologie als historische Wissen- fchaft (.fena, 1893-94) ; Neumayr, Die Sliimtne lies Thierreiehes. vol. i. (Vienna and Prague, 1880) ; Parker and Haswell, Textbook of Zoolopn, vol. i. (London and Xew York, 1897) : Carpenter, "Report on the Crinoidea," in Chiilleiifier Keporls. Zoolocjy, vol. xi., Xo. 20, and vol. xxvi., Xo. 60 (London. 18S4-SS). For description of the fossil forms, consult: Zittel and Eastman, Texthook of Paleontology, vol. i. (London and New Y'ork, 1900) ; Bather, "The Crinoidea," in Lankester's Ti-eafise on Zoology, part ii. (London, 1900) ; Wachsmutli and Springer, "Revision of the Pateo- crinoidea," I'roceccHnf/s of the Aeademy of yatu- ral Seienccs at Philadelphia, for 1879, 'l881, 1885, and 1880 ; "North American Crinoidea Camerata," Alemoiis of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Collcqc, vols. xx. and xxi. (Boston, 1897) ; Bather, "the Crinoidea of Gotland," iCons- liga Svenska Vetenskap Aicademiens Bandlingar, vol. XXV. (Stockholm, 1892) ; Lang and Bernard, Textbook of Comparative Anatomy, part ii. (Lon- don and New Y'ork, 1890) : Weller. "The Paleon- tology of the Xiagaran Limestone in the Chicago Area, The Crinoidea," Bulletin Ao. iv. of the Xaiu- ral Uistory fiurvey. Chieago Academy of Sciences (Chicago, 1900) ;' Bather, "On Uintacrinus: A ^Morphological Study," Proceedings of the Zoologi- cal tiociety of London, vol. .1895 (London, 1896). See also articles on Ecuinodebmata ; Cysto- IDE.i; PeXTHEMITES. CRINOLINE (Fr., from Lat. crinis, hair + liuum, llax) . A name originally given by French dressmakers to a fabric made of horsehair, capable of great stiffness, and employed to dis- tend women's attire; it is also applied in a gen- eral way to those structures of steel wire or hoops by means of which women some years ago were able to wear skirts of extraordinary size at the bottom. The first device for producing an expansion of the dress-skirt is the fardingale, in- troduced by Queen Elizabeth. Walpole, in his fancy descriptions of her, speaks of her 'enormous mfr and vaster fardingale.' The upper part of the body was incased in a cuirass of whalebone, which was united at the waist with the equally stiff fardingale of the same material, descending to the feet, without a single fold, in the form of a great bell. Tn the end of the reign of .Tames I. this fashion gradually declined, and, as a result of the Puritan feeling in the time of Charles I. and Cromwell, it quite disappeared. It is next heard of in 1711 as 'that .startling novelty the hoop petticoat,' which dill'ered from the fardin- gale in being gathered in at the waist. About the year 1790 hooi)s were discarded in private life, but were still the mode at Court, where they nour- ished until the time of George IV., when they were abolished by royal command. The next devclo])ment of this fashion, about the middle of the nineteenth century, began with crin- oline in its original and iirojjcr sense, first in the form of the 'bustle' in the nj)pcr part of the skirt, then the whole petticoat. The hoojis were some- times made with a circumference of four and even five yards. At last, after indignation and ridicule had for years assailed the monstrosity in vain, and when people had ceased speaking about it. the inflation began, about 1860, without any apjjarent cause, to collapse; and. rusliing to the opposite extreme, ladies might be seen walking about as slim as if merely wrapi)ed in a morning gowii. At the close of the nineteenth century the name crin- oline was applied to a cotton gauze stiffened with a dressing of glue and sold by the yard for use by milliners and dressmakers. CRI'NUM (Xeo-Lat., from Gk. Kplvov, krinon, lily). A genus of bulbous-rooted plants of the natural order Amai-j'llidaceie, having long tubular flowers. It contains a considerable numln-r of species, natives of different tropical and subtropi- cal countries, generally with umbels of large and beautiful flowers, some of them among the most admired ornaments of oxir hot-houses. Crinum anuihile, an Indian species, is much esteemed. The plants are mostly cultivated in greenhouses, although Crinum longifolium is semi-hardy and. with slight ])rotection, will endure the winters as far north as Washington. Xumer- ous hybrids have been produced, some of them of exceeding beauty and possessing exquisite per- fume. Crinum Americanum is a native of Florida. CRIP'PLE CREEK. A town and county-seat of Teller County, Col., 30 miles west-southwest of Colorado Springs; on the Midland Terminal Railroad, connecting with the Colorado Midland Railroad, and cm the Florence and Cripide Creek Railroad (Map: Colorado, E 2). It was founded in 1890 as a mining town, developed rajddly after 1S9.'<, and was nearly destroyed by fire in 1896. The district in which it is situated is a complete network of gold-bearing veins, and mining gave rise to the sulisequent founding of Anaconda, Vic- tor, Altaian, Lawrence. :ind other near-by towns. The value of the production of this section, six square miles in extent, has increased from .$200,000 in 1891 to .$2,400,000 in 1893. $7,200,- 000 in 1895, .$12,500,000 in 1897. $19,743,000 in 1899, and ■$22„500.000 in 1900, the output being almost entirely gold. The mines have attracted world-wide attention from metallurgists, owing to the peculiar nature of the ores, which has necessitated new methods of treatment. note- worthy feature in connection with the industrial activity of the district is the extensive use of elec- trical power. Cripple Creek, at an elevation of 9800 feet among the mountains, is known also for its attractive scenery. Population, in 1900. 10,- 147. thcmgli the whole district contains about .lO.OOO. CRIP'PLEGATE. An ancient London gate probablv dating from the restoration of the walls by King Alfred in 886. It is said to have taken