Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/75

CLOVER-INSECTS. 57 CLOWES. viinicola), the latter of which is very destruc- tive. It lays its eggs in the blossoms of red clover in Jlay and .June, and these hatch into small reddi.-li or yellowish maggots, which de- stroy the forming seed. Upon reaching full growth, they wriggle out from the llorct and fall to the ground, transforming to pujnr within deli- cate, spherical cocoons, from which the adults issue the following spring. The !arv;e leave the florets just before the time of cutting the first crop of clover' for hay, so that if the time of cutting for tliis crop be advanced two weeks, the insect will be destroyed. Another enemy to the seeds is the greenish caterpillar of a moth (Gra- pholitha iiiterstinctatia} , which devours florets and seed-vessels. The clover-hay worms, cater- pillars of pyralid moths, especially Asopia cos- talis, afl'ect particularly stored hay in which clover is mixed. CLOVES (from Fr. cJou, from Lat. chirus, nail, so called from the shape). The dried Jlower-buds of the clove-tree. VdrijoiihijUus uro- maticiis, of the natural order Alyrtacea'. The clove-tree is from 1.3 to 40 feet high, evergreen, with a beautiful pyramidal head. The flowers are small, but jiroduced in great profusion in cymes. The leaves, flowers, and bark have an aromatic odor. The ripe fruit resembles an olive in shape, but is not quite so large; it is of a dark- red color; it sometimes appears in com- merce in a dried state, under the curious name of 'mother cloves'; it has an odor and flavor sim- ilar to cloves, but much weaker ; the broken fruit-stalks are sometimes also used for the same purposes as cloves, but the flower-buds them- selves are the principal product of the tree. They are gathered, and are dried by exposure to the smoke of wood-fires, and afterwards to the rays of the sun, or by the latter alone. When first gathered they are reddish, but become of a deeper-brown color. The unexpanded cmolla forms a little round head at the end of the calyx- tube, which is about half an inch long, and thus the appearance is not unlike that of a little nail, whence the name. The clove-tree is a native of the Spice Islands, but is now cultivated in Sumatra. Bourbon, Mauritius, some parts of the West Indies, and elsewhere. For illustration, see Plate of Flavorixu-Plants. The wild clove-tree of the West Indies is Pimenta acris. See !Myr- TACE.F.. The properties of cloves depend chiefly on an essential oil — oil of cloves ■ — which forms one- fifth or one-sixth of the whole weight, and. is used for flavoring dessert dishes and articles of confectionery. The oil of cloves is obtained by repeatedly distilling cloves with water, when two oils pass over, one of which is lighter and the other is heavier than water. The oil has a hot, acrid taste, is light-yellow when pure, and brown- red when not so carefully ]irepared. It has a characteristic odor, and is soluble in ether, alco- hol, and the fixed oils. When taken internally in small quantities, it has the eft'ect of aiding diges- tion and of stimulating the appetite. It is some- times used in medicine as a stomachic, carmina- tive, and antispasmodic, and is often added to scammony and castor-oil to prevent the griping that is likely to be caused by those substances. Oil of cloves is further employed in scenting soaps, and by the distiller. The chief constitu- ents of the oil are eueenol, or eugenic acid, C'loHijOj and a terpene, CjjHo,. CLOVES, Oil of. See Cloves. CLOVIO, klo'v4-o, (iuLlo, called JIaceoo (1498-lu7S). A miniature painter, born in Croatia. He went to Italy as a youth, and rapidly won favor by his jjaintings and by en- gravings on medals ami seals. He received some instruction from Giulio Romano in Rome, and Girolamo de J^ibri in Verona, About 1527 he became a monk, and afterwards lived princi- pally in llantua and Perugia. His works were executed for the princes of the day: and, despite the many figures and exquisite finish of the illuminations, he produced a great number of them. The most famous is a breviar.y, with twenty-six scenes, done for Cardinal Farnese, and now in the Naples Museum. A marvelous pro- duction is the life of Frederick of Urbino, in the 'atiean Library. This work shows Clovio's qualities as an historical painter and portrait- ist, the genre in which he is most successful. Consult: Sakeinski, Das Lehen des Giulio Clo- vii) (Agram, 1852) ; and Bertolloti, Don Giulio Clovio, pri)icipc dei miniatori (Modena, 1882). CLO'VIS, C'HLODw^G, or Ciilodovech (c.4fi6- 511). A king of the Franks, of the line of the ilerovingians. By the death of his father, in 481, he became King of the Salian Franks, wdiose capital was at Tournai, in what is now the Belgian Province of Hainault. His first achieve- ment was the overthrow, in 486, of the Gallo- Romans under Syagrius, near Soissons, after which he extended his conquests to the Loire, t^lovis did not dispossess the inhabitants, as the Franks were only few in numbers, and the liublic lands were sufficient for them. About 4113 Clovis married Clotilda, daughter of a Bur- gundian prince. Clotilda was a Christian, and earnestly desired the conversion of her husband, v.ho, like most of the Franks, was still a heathen. In a great battle with the Alemanni, in 490, Clo- vis was hard pressed, and, as a last resource, invoked the God of Clotilda, vowing that he would become a Christian if he obtained the vic- tory. The Alemanni were routed, and on Christ- mas day of the same year Clovis and 3000 of his army were baptized by Reniigius, Bishop of Rheims. Love of conquest concurring with zeal for the Orthodox faith, Clovis marched to the southwest of Gaul against the heretic Visigoth, Alaric II., whom he defeated and slew at Vouillf, taking possession of the whole country as far as Bordeaux and Toulouse (507-10). Clovis now took up his residence in Paris, where he died in 511. His great aim had been the subjugation of all the Prankish princes and the union of the M'hole Prankish peojile into a single powerful kingdom. The means he employed to secure this end were cruel and unscrupulous ; but the end itself would have been beneficial, if he had not frustrated it at his death by redividing the newly organized realm among his four sons, and ex])os- ing it to the very perils from which he himself l;ad rescued it. An account of the deeds of Clovis may be found in Gregory of Tours. His- toria Fnincoriim, Book II., edited by Guadet and Turanne (Paris, 1830-38). Consult, also. .lung- haus, Geschichte d^r friinkisclien Konirje Childe- rich und Chlodirig (Gottingen, 1857). CLOWES, klouz, William Laird (1856—). An English naval critic, who wrote under the name of •Xauticus.' He was born at Hampstead, and was educated at King's College, London, and