Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/769

GUMMING. 661 CUNDINAMARCA. officiated till 1879. He was very popular as a preachur and lecturer, but is rememlicrcd chiefly for his controversies with the Uonian Catholic dignitaries, and for his interpretation of the apocalyptic writings. The most important of his voluminous publications arc: Aiioriili/iitic Sketches (1849) ; The Great TrihuUilimi (1850) ; Destiui/ of the Xatioiis (18G4) ; and The Seventh Vial ('iSTO). CT7MMINGS, Amos J. (1841-1902). An American editor and politician, born at Conkling, Broome County, N. Y. A journeyman printer at fifteen, he set type in nearly every Stale of the Union. He was with William Walker, in the last 'invasion' of Nicaragua (1857), and during the tivil War served as sergeant-major of the Twenty-sixth New Jersey Infantry, and received the Congressional medal of honor for gallantry. Subsequently he became editor of the New York Weekly Tribune, and in 1869 joined the stall" of the iSmm, of whose weekly and evening editions he was afterwards editor. From 1887 he was a Democratic member of Congress from New Y'ork, and in 1802 and 1800 was a delegate to the Democratic national conven- tions. During his Congressional career he held many important positions on committees. He was ' the author of a series of letters written from Florida and California to the >S'!/h, over the signature 'Ziska.' CUMMINGS, Joseph (1817-00). An Ameri- can educator, born in Falmouth, Maine He ■was president of Wesleyan University, Middle town, Conn., from 1S57 to 1875, and was profes- sor of mental philosophy and political economy there from 1875 to 1877, and was president of Northwestern I^niversity from 1881 until his death. CUMMINGS, Thomas Seib (1804-04). An American jiainter and author, born in England. He came to New York early in life, and studied there with Henry Inman.' He painted minia- tures in water-color, and many of his sitters were well-known contemporaries of the artist. In 1826 he helped to found the National Acad- emy of Design, and was its treasurer for forty years. He also wrote an account of its his- tory, entitled. Historic Annals of the National Acndcmt) from its Foundation to 1SG3. His later life was si>ent in Connecticut, and Hacken- sack, N. .J., where he died. CUMTyilNS, George D.wid (1822-76). An American clerg-man. He was born in Delaware, graduated at Dickinson College, and entered the Methodist ministiy. In 1845 he took orders in the Episcopal Church, and wa.s rector of several Episcopal churches in Virginia, Washington, and Chicago. He was chosen Assistant Bishop of Kentucky in 1806, but in 1872 resigned this office, withdrew from the denomination, and founded the Reformed Episcopal Church, of which in 187.3 he was made bishop. Consult the Memoir by his wife (New Y'ork, 1878). CUMMINS. Maria Susanna (1827-66). An American novelist, born at Salem, Mass. After receiving a good education she began writing for contemporary magazines. In 1854 she scored an immense success with her story The Lamp- Ufihtcr— more than 100.000 copies in all being sold: a surprising sale for ante-bellum fiction. Her later books are negligible, and her reputa- tion lias not been maintained, although The LampUghlcr is still read. CUM'NOE, HALL. ( 1 ) An old manor house, ni'ar U.xford, of which only a few ruins remain — the jdace where .my Kobsart was im- prisoned, as luentioned in Scott's Jienihcorth. — (2) A ballad of that name by W. J. Meikle. sup- posed to have suggested to Scott the idea of Kenihrorlh. CUMULATIVE SENTENCE. See Sen- tence. CUMULATIVE VOTING. A method <if voting at elections for olhce and in representa- tive assemblies, intended to obviate the ineoi!- venienees of the majority system by giving pro- portional weight to the minority vote. .s com- monly jiracticed, each voter is permitted to cast as many votes as there are candidates for a' given office, and he may distribute his votes or give them all to one candidate, as he may choose. It has been advocated for many years, both in England and the United States, as an ini])ortant measure of electoral reform, but has made head- way slowly. The system has been employed to some extent in Illinois and Jlic'higan, and in Parliamentarj- elections in England. Its con- stitutionality was established by a decision of the Supreme Court of IMichigan in 1891. See Electuix : Electoral Reeorm. CU'MULUS. See Cloid; Cloudiness. CUNA, kijo'na. A tribe, apparently of dis- tinct stock, occupying the Isthmus of Panama, in Colombia, from the Chagres River to the Atrato. They are also known as Darien or San Bias Indians". They are of small stature, but athletic and of light complexion, many of them even approaching the blonde tyi)e. They for- merly lived in villages of coninumal houses, culti- vated corn and cotton, and worked gold ol)t;iined from the streams and mountains. The women were clothed, but the men usually went naked. They used poisoned arrows. They have never been entirely subdued, and still retain their love for frceihim and wild life. CUNARD', Sir Samuel (1787-1865). An English shipowner, born in Nova Scotia. He was the founder (1830) of the Cunard Line of ocean steamers plying between England and America. He was a member of the Royal Geo- gra|ihical Society, and was made a baronet in 1850. CUNAX'A (Lat.. from Gk. Koim^a, Kou- iia:r(i). A place in Mesopotamia, on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, probably about 60 miles north of Babylon. It was the scene of the battle fought" (B.C. 401) between Cyrus the Y'ounger (assisted by a body of Greeks, the Ten Thousand) and his brother, Artaxer.xes Mnenion, in which Cyrus was killed. CUNDINAMARCA, koon'd^na-mjir'kii. Tlic central department of the Republic of Colombia, bounded by Boyaci'i on the north, ^'enezuela or. the cast, Cauca on the south, and Tolinia on tb( west (Map: Colombia, C 3). Its area is esti mated at over 70.000 square miles. The western portion belongs to the region of the Eastern Cordilleras, while the remainder forms a part of tile Orinoco basin. Numerous rivers flow across it. the Inrgest of which are the Guahibos and the Guayabero. All its streams are tributary to the Orinoco. The soil, with the exception of the