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CZEK.NY GEORGE. 727 CZUCZOB. ied at Vienna, and until 1871 acted as Billroth's assistant. In the latter year lie was made pro- fessor of surgery at Freiburgini-Breisgau, and in 1877 at Heidelberg. He introduced important improvements in operative surgery and published the following works: Ueber die Beziehuiigen dcr Cliiriirfiic zu den yaturivissenschaflen (1872); and lieitixige zur operativen Chincrgie (1878). CZERNY (cher'ne) GEORGE (i.e. Black George) ( 1760-1817) . The leader of the Servians in their struggle for independence, generally known as K.ra (Turk, kara, black) George. He Avas born December 21, 1760, in the noighboi'hood of Belgrade. In 1787 he was involved in a rising against Turkish rule, but later settled down as a cattle-dealer. In August, 1801, a band of Janizaries broke into his dwelling and plun- dered it, and in retaliation he collected a band of malcontents, and entered upon a course of guerrilla warfare. Gradually his followers in- creased; in 1804 he captured the fortress of Shabatz. and subsequently invested Belgrade. In the beginning of 1806 he routed the Turks at the rivers Drina and Morava, and captured Bel- grade in December, 1800. The cause of Servia was aided by the war which at this time broke out between Russia and Turkev. After the Treaty of Slobosic (July 8, 1808),' Czerny George was elected Governor by the people, and recognized as Prince of Servia by the Sultan. Tlip French invasion of Russia in 1812 com- pelled the latter country to let Servia shift for itself. Hostilities recommenced; the Turks were successful, and Czerny had to flee to Russia. He afterwards went to Austria, where he lived for some time. Meanwhile the freedom of Servia was secured through the leadership of Milosh Obreno- vitch, and in Jul.v, 1817, when Kara George returned, intending, as, some suppose, to rally his partisans round him for the furtherance of his ambitious schemes, he was murdered at the instigation of Prince Milosh. This was the beginning of a feud between the factions which lasted throughout the greater part of the nine- teenth century. Kara George's second son, Alex- ander Karageorgevitch, was Prince of Servia from 1842 to 1858. but was finally expelled and died in exile in 1885. Consult: Ranke, Die ser- hisclie Rerolution (Hamburg, 1829) translated by ilrs. Keri in Bohn's Library under the title of A Bistori/ of iServia and the Servian Revolu- tion (London. 185.3) ; Denton, Servia and the Servians (London. 1862), CZERNYSCHEWSKY, cher'ni-shev'ske. See TniERXYSIIEVSKI. CZERSKI, chei-'ske, .Johankes (1813-93). A German divine, one of the founders of German Catholicism. He was born at Warlubien, West Prussia, and was educated at the Priests' Semi- nary at Posen, Sentenced to penitential confine- ment for contracting a secret marriage in 1844, he resigned his vicariate in Silesia, and founded an independent comnuinity of Catholics, known as the 'Christlich-Apostolisch-Katholische Ge- meinde.' .Vlthough he maintained his own views, he participated in the struggles of the German Catholics, and upon their downfall devoted hiin- .sclf to quiet religious activity. His most im- portant work is the Xachln-ss des slerhcndcn Papstlums (12th ed., 1870). He defended his defection from the Orthodox Church of Rome in the work entitled Reehtfertigung meines Abfalles von der riimischcn Hofkirche (1845). CZOLGOSZ, chol'gAsh, Leo:* (1873-1901). A Polish-American anarchist, the assassin of Wil- liam McKinley, twenty -fourth President of the L'nited States. He was born at Detroit, Mich., and was by trade an iron-worker. He w'as tried before the criminal term of tlie State Supreme Court at Buffalo, N. Y,, on September 23-24, 1901, and convicted of murder in the first degree. No witnesses were summoned for the defense, but ex-.Tudge Lewis, of counsel for the prisoner, made a brief address to the jury. The assassin was killed bv electrieitv in the State prison at Auburn, N. Y., on October 29, 1901. See lIcKiNLEY, William. CZORNIG, cher'niK, Karl, Baron von Czcrn- hausen ( 1804-89 ) . An Austrian statistician, bom at Czernhausen, Bohemia. He studied at Prague and Vienna, and in 1841 became director of the bureau of administrative statistics at Vienna. In 1859 he was appointed chief of the section of railway affairs in the Jlinistry of Commerce. In 1863-65 he was president of the central statistical commission, organized by him- self. He published an ethnographic chart of the Empire (with text), 185.5, and other works. CZtrCZOR, tsTiri'tsOr, Gergelt (1800-66), An Hungarian poet and linguist. He was born at Andod ( comitat of Neutra ) . became a member of the Benedictine Order, and from 1825 to 1835 was a professor successively in the gymnasia at Raab and Komorn. In 1835 he was appointed second see- retarv and archivist of the Hungarian Academy, by which he was commissioned in 1844 to pre- pare the great lexicon of the Hungarian lan- guage (6 vols,, 1861-74). Four volumes were edited by him, the remaining two by Jinos Fo- garassy (q.v. ). His disregard of the historical and comparative method in philology often im- paired the scientific value of his work as a lexi- cographer, particularly in connection with ety- mologies. He was imprisoned in 1849 for the publication of his Riado. a poem calling Himga- rians to action on behalf of their liberties, but obtained his release under the amnesty of 1850. His poems appeared collected in 3 vols, at Pest in 1850.