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DICTIONARY. 222 DICTIONARY. Dictionary of the English Language by .Joseph E. Wort-ester diitcs from 1850. It has -lonp throii^rli many eJitioiis. the last of which i-oiitaiiis a sup- |>leiiKiit with li.'iltO new words and an appemiix with pronouiuing dictionary and pronouncing; fiazetteer. in the introduction arc found a Cata- logue of Knglish Dictionaries and a History of English Lexicography. A useful college and school dictionary is that of the Rev. Jauics Storniontli. it is a dictionary of standard English and is con vcnicnt for reference in matters of pronunciation. Recent years have been prolific of important Eng- lish dictionaries. Since 1800. Ijesides the last edi- tion of Web.ster mentioned above, have appeared: The Century Dictioinnii. an cncyclopa'dic lexicon of the English language, prepared under the supervision of William 1). 'liitncy. in six vol- umes (New York, 18!)1). a most elaborate work looking to completeness in vocabulary, especially in scientific and technical terms. .1 !<tiindnril Dictionary of the Kngli.ih Langungc. prei)ared under the supervision of Isaac K. Funk and Francis A. March (Xew York. 1893-95). This work is more concise in its treatment of words than the last named, but is very complete in its voc.-ibulary. It has ten appendices, e.g. lists of proper names, disputed spellings, etc. The great- est of all dictionaries of the English language is entitled. .-1 .Yeir English Dictiomtry on Hixtoricol J'rinciiilcs, founded mainly on matter collected by the Philological Society, edited by .lames A. 11. Murray and Henry Bradley. "The purpose of this dictionary is to furnish an adequate account of the meaning, origin, and history of English word* now in general use or known to have been in use at any time during the last seven hundrcil years." It aims to give pronunciation. etym<dogy. the }ii-1ory of words, and illustrative examples from all periods. About half of it had been published in 1902. The form and contents of the dictionarj- of the present day are the result of the experience of years of lexicographical work. The alpha- betical order is now accepted as the best, while the historic development in the definitions is also a feature of modern times. Other arrangements were according to the subject, or again according to roots, both of which are extremely incon- venient and iinsatisfactory. Special Dictiox.vries. The following special dictionaries are of importance to English-speak- ing people: Synonyms — Roget. Thesaurus of English Words and I'hrases (latest ed.. London. 1892) ; Crahh. Engllsli Synonyms Expluined (lat- est ed.. New Y'ork, 1808). Etymology— Skeat. . I »i Etymological Dictionary of the English Lnn- gutigc (2d ed.. London. 1884) ; in abridged form, .•t Concise Etymological Dictionary (2d ed. Lon- don, 1885) : Mueller. Etymologisches M'iirterbuch der cnglischen Sprache (2d ed. Ciithen. 1878) : Wedgewood. A Dictionary of English Etymology (2d ed. London, 1872; not reliable) : Palmer, Folk Eti/mology (London, 1882; a dictionari' of corruptions in words). Dictionaries of Names — Henjamin E. Smith. Century Cyclo- prrdin of .Yohick, a supplement to the Century Dictionary (New Y'ork, 1894); Lippincott's C,a::ctlecr of the World, edited by Tliomas and Baldwin (Philadelphia. 1882) ; Putnam. Clobe Pronouncing Oii:etteer of the World (New York, 1888) ; .Johnston, General Dictionary of fleog- raphy (Edinburgh. 1882) ; Blackie, Dictionary of Placc-yames, with derivations (London. 1887). Dialect Dictionaries — Wright, 7'/ic English Dia- lect Dictionary (London, 1898, el seq. ). in 1902 extends to the letter L. Middle English (1100- 1500) — J. Middle Englinh Dictionary, twelfth to fifteenth century, last edition by Strattmaan Bradley (London. 1891 i ; Miitzner. Altenglische ^•priichproben (Berlin. 1870-90. el seq.; incom- plete, the second volume contains the diction- ary) : Mayhew and Skeat. A Concise Dictionary uf Middle English (Oxford. 1888); .Mexander Schmidt. Shakespeare Lexihon (Berlin. 1874), may be referred to as useful in the historical study of the language. Americanisms — Bartlett, Dictionary of Americanisms (Cambridge, Mass., 1877) ; Farmer. Americanisms, Old and .Vfio (New York, 1899). Dictionaries of Modem European Languages. — German — Fliigel, .1 Universal OermanEnglish and English-llerman Dictionary (4th ed., Bruns- wick, 1891); Fliigel, Schmidt, and Tanger, Wiirtcrbuch der Englischen and Deulschen und Deutschen und Englischen i^pruche (New Y'ork, 1805-90) ; Whitney, Dictionary of, the English and Herman Languages (New Y'ork, 1877); Kiihler. German and English Dictionary (New York, 1881): Lucas. Dictionary of the English and (lerman Languages (Bremen. 1854-08). Dutch — Calisch, Complete Dictionary of the Eng- lish and Dutch Languages (Tiel. 1890). Danish — Fcrrall - Ke|)p - Rosing. Danish - English and English-Danish Dictionary (Copenhagen. 187.3). Swedish — Nilsson-Widmark-Collin, English-Swed- ish Dictiiinnrii (Stockholm, 1 Sill ) ; Oman. Swed- ish-English Dictionary ( f>rebro. 1889). Nor- wegian — Oeelmuyden. English-yorwegian Diction- ary (Chri.stiania. 1880). French — Spiers and Suieune, French and English Pronouncing Dic- tionary (New York. 1891) ; Bellows. Poehet Dic- tionary. French - English and English -French (London. 1891); Hamilton-I^-gros. Dictionnaire international franiins-anglais (Paris. 1891). Italian — Baretti. Ilaliun-EnffUsh and English- llalinn Dictionary (London, 1877); James and (Jrassi, Dictionary of the English and Italian Languages (Leipzig, 1884) ; Millhouse. yeir Eng- lish and Italian Pronouncing Dictionary (Milan, 1889). Spanish — Velasquez, Ycic Pronouncing Dictionary of the Spanish and Engli.'ih Lan- guages, revised and enlarged by (^ray and Iribas (New Y'ork, 1901) ; Seoane. Neuman. ami Baret- ti. Dictionary of the Spanish and English Lan- guages ( New Y'ork. 1874). Portuguese — Valdez, Portuguese-English and EnglishPiotuguese Pro- nouncing Dictionary (Lisbon, 1879); Michaclis, yew Dictionary of the English and Portuguese Languages (Leipzig, 1894). Russian — .lexan- ilrow, Complete English-Russian Dictionary I Saint Petersburg. 1S79). Turkish — Redhouse. Turkish and English Dictionary (London, 1880). Polish — Baranouski. Anglo • Polish Lexicon (Paris, 1884). Hungarian — Bizonfy. English-Hungarian (Budapest. 1878), and Hungarian-English (ib., 1.880). The dictionaries mentioned above are those which may be classed as belonging to language lexicons. .Ml others are to be looked for under the class to which they Ivlong. The moat important foreign dictionaries of modem times an-: German — The great German dii-tionary is Dvutsches Worterhuch of .Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm. There are nine volumes with