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DIKE. 250 DILIGENCE. DIKE. An cmbatikiiu'iit of oiirtti. iiio.st coiii- iiuiiily mil' Used to refliiim or protect lands sub- ject to Hooding or formed in hmd-ilraina'^e opera- tions. Ttie term is sometimes applied to low- earth dams, generally such a^ are auxiliary to the main dam. forming an artilicial reservoir by closing minor outlets from the natural busiu. See Dams; DRAiXAiiE; Lkvees. DI'KE (Gk. A/icij). The embodiment of jus- tice in tlreek mythology. She is the daughter of Zeus and Themis, and. with her sisters. Eunoniia (Order) and Irene (Peace), is reckoned among the llorjv. Like the Erinnyes. the avengers of wrong, she is, unlike them, also the rcwarder of virtue. DIKE, .Ilk. Samiki. Warrex ( 18;i9— ). An American (.'ungrcgational clergyman, prominent as an agitator for reform in the laws of divorce. He was horn at Thompson, Conn. He gradimted at Williams College in 1863 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 18(i6. In 1881 he be- came corresponding secretary of the Divorce Re- form League (now called the National League for the Protection of the Family), which he or- ganized. His writings are mostly in exposition and defense of the principles of the league. DIKEL OCEPH'ALtJS (XeoLat.. from Ok. SUcWa, dikillii, UKiltock + «0o)J, kryiknU-, head). A geiuis of Cpper Cambrian trilobites of the family Olenidte. The carapace is broad and flat, the head broadly lunate, eyes elongate reiii- form, glabella short, thorax broad and flat, with nine segments and low axis, and pygi<Iium large, expanded, and fhit. with a sharp triangular spine at each posterior lateral corner. The best-known species, Dikelocephalus Minnesotensis, with a length of three to eight inches, is very connnon in certain yellow shales of the Upper Cambrian in Wiscon.sin and Minnesota. A number of other species from the Cambrian and Lower Ordoviciati of Eurojie and North America have been incor- rectly placed in this genus, which is considered generally as the index fossil of the I'pper Cam- brian, or Potsdam horizon. See Olenus; Trt- LOBITE. DIKOA, di-kr.'i. A fortified town of the old kingdom of- Bornu, in Central Africa, now in- cluded in the German colony of Knnicnin (Map: Africa, K 3) . It is situated about 2.5 miles south of Lake Chad. Its population is estimated at from l.").(l(tO to 2.'>.n00. DILAPIDATION (Lat. dilapiduliu. from rfi- Inpiilnrc, to waste, from Lat. rfi-, apart + lapi- dare, to throw stones, from lapis, stone). In the English law this arises where a rector, vicar, or other incuml)ent of an oflice of the established Church of England destroys, jiulls down, or al- lows to fall into decay for want of repair, his re.sidencc or any other buildings belonging to his spiritual living: or commits or allows any injury or waste upon the lands, woods, or other inheri- tance of the Church. The liability is solely for preservation of the property, and not for any- thing in the way of ornament. See Benefice: Repairs; Waste. DILE'MI. The name of a Persian dynasty. See Samwi ami Oilkmi. DILEMMA (Lat. dilemma, from Gk. Slritina, fonclu~iiiii friim two propositions, from Ji-, di-, dnulilc -^- 'KTjfiixa, lemma, proposition, f rom Xa^i/3i- rtiv, hiiiihiiiu in, to take). A true dilemma is dctined by Whately as "a conditional syllogism with two or more antecedents in the nuijor, and a disjunctive minor." One form of it is repre- sented in the following scheme; If A is U, C is D, and if K is G, C is D; but either A is H or P is G, hence C is D. There being two mutually exclusive [iropositions in the minor premise, a person nuist admit one or the other, and is then caught between (be 'two horns of the dilemma.' See Logic. DILETTANTE, dil'rt-tan't^ or de'li't-tan'U (It., pres. part, of diUllarc, to delight). A term in its original sense synonymous with an ama- teur, or lover of the fine arts. It has, however, come into use as suggesting somewhat the trifler, the dabbler in any or all of those arts which, if seriously pursued, make for civilization and true culture. The dilettante, however, may serve'a good pur|iose, and often does, by interesting him- self in the con.scrvation of objects of art. See Dilettante Society. DILETTANTE SOCIETY. A body of noble- men :Mid gentlemen by whose exertions the study of antique art in Kngland has been largely pro- moted. The society was founded in 1734, and held its meetings at the Thatched House Tavern in .'saint .lames Street. It was in its beginnings simply an amateur club, its object being to com- bine social and friendly intercourse with the cultivation of artistic knowledge and the gratifi- cation of artistic tastes. IJut its funds luiving accumulated to a large amount, it- members resolved, in ITtU, to fit out an expedition for the purpose of collecting details and drawings of the most remarkable artistic monuments of an- tiquity. The persons selected for carrying out this important undertaking were Mr. Chandler, of Magdalen College, O.xford. the editor of the Marmora Oiiconietisis ; Mr. Revett and Mr. Stew- art, the authors of the magnificent work on Athenian antiquities; and Mr. Pars, a talented youig artist. Having spent two years in (ireece, tlicy ictiirncd in 17(>li, bringing with them the materials for the two splendid volumes on the antiquities of Ionia, which were pulilislu-d at the expense of the society. Architecture had been the first object of their inquiries, but their attention was now turned to sculpture, which was then at the lowest ebb in England. .V series of the finest antique statues, basivliefs, and busts was selected and engraved with the great- est care. This work appeared in ISOll. with dis- sertations by Payne Knight. In ISIl a second architectural exploring party was di-<patched by the societv to .sia Minor, consisting of Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Cell, Mr. Bedford, and Mr. (Jandy. Two volumes were issucil. one in 1817 entitled The Vnediled Aniiquilirs of Al- tivii, and a second on Aniiiiiie Seiilptiire in 1835. I'or these spirited exertions in their behalf, the liublic have been indebted to a club of some si.tty private gentlemen. In 1777 Sir .Toshua Rey- nolds, who was at that time painter to the Dilet- tante Society, began his famous portraits of th» members, which consist of two groups of seven persims each. Among his subjects were Henry Pundas. Lord Mulgravc. Payne Gallwey, and Stanhope. DILIGENCE (Fr.. from Lat. diliijentia, at- tentiviii.>~>. from dilifiere. to love, choose, from di; apart -f Iff/ere. to choose). A name used in France for a public conveyance resembling a