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DEAN. 22 man universities each faculty elects a dean an- nually, who ])residps over its meetings, repre- sents it in external relations, and supervises hoth teachers and students. In a special sense the word is applied to the oldest memher in length of service of a body of persons of eciual rank, such as a diplomatic corps, or to the president of an incorjioratcd body of lawyers. It is in the latter sense that the chief judicial officer of the Archbishop of Canterbury is called the Dean of the Court of Arches. The dean of the Sacred College is the senior cardinal- bishop, who always occupies the see of Ostia. He presides at the meetings of the Sacred College in the absence of the Pope. He has the jirivilcge of wearing the pallium in all ceremonies per- taining to his office, of consecrating the newly electetl Po])e in case he should not be already a bishop, and in any case of presiding at the coronation, ceremonies. See Cardinal. SEAN (AS. (Irnii, valley). Forest of. A hilly tract. 22.000 acres in extent, in the west of Gloucestershire, England, between the Severn and the Wye. It is partly Crown land. It was formerly a vast source of timber supply for the British Xa^y. and half of it still remains inclosed for that purpose. It contains oak, beech, and other woods, orchards, stone-quarries, coal and iron mines. The iron shafts have been worked since Roman times. A populous mining district, it gives its name to a Parliamentary division which includes nearly all of Gloucestershire west of the Severn. DEAN, Amos (1803-68). An American jurist. He was born in Barnard, Vt., and graduated at Union College in 1822. He soon gained renown as a lawyer, and his treatises on legal subjects were recognized as authoritative. In 1839 he became professor of medical jurisprudence in the Albany Jledical School, and in 1851 ])rofessor of law- in the newly foiuided law-schotd at Albany. He also served as chancellor and professor of history at the University of Iowa in 1855. His works include: Lectures on Phroiolof/y (1835); Manual of Law (1838); Philosophy of Human Life (1830); Medical Jurisprudence (1854); Bryant and Stratton's Commercial Law (18G1) ; and an imfinished Hisloru of Cirilization (7 vols., 18G0-70). DEANE, Charles (1813-89). An American author. He was born in Biddeford, Maine ; was educated at Saco, and in 1832 went to Boston, where he was a merchant for twenty-two years. He early acquired a taste for .merican history, and at the time of his death had accunuilatcd a valuable collection of rare Americana. Among his publications are: Some yotices of Samuel dorton (18.50); Memoir of George Livermore (1869) : and The Forms in Tssuinfi Leilers Pat- ent by the (^roirn of Eiifiland (1870). He also edited Bradford's History of Plymouth Planta- tion (1856) ; Wingfield's Discourse of Viryinia (1860). in which was first seriously questioned the authenticity of the famous Pocahontas rescue story; and John Smith's True Relation (1806). DEANE, .TA.MES (1801-58). An American physician and naturalist, born in Coleraine, Mass. He was the discoverer, in 183.5, of the fossil footprints in the red sandstone of the Connecticut Valley, later more fully investigated by Profes- sor (afterwards President) Edward Hitchcock. On this subject he wrf)te Jchnographs from the DEANE, Sandstone of Connecticut Ifivcr (1861). He also published many articles on medical subjects. DEANE, Iact. ^Maggie Tullivcr's cousin and amiable rival in George Eliot's The Mill on the Floss. DEANE, Silas (173V-89). An American di- plomatist during the Revolutionary War, who jiasscd the latter part of his life in England. He was born in Groton, Conn., graduated at Yale in 1738, was admitted to the bar in 1701, became an active member of the ']iatriot' party on the ap])i'oach of the Revolutionary War, and was a delegate from Connecticut to the first and second Continental Congresses. In February, 1776, large- ly through the inlluence of Robert Morris, he was appointed by Congress business agent of the United States at Paris, where he entered upon his duties in July of the same year. Until Franklin's arrival he acted virtually as the offi- cial delegate of the United States to the French Court, and, besides securing and transmitting supplies, induced many French officers — some- times by lavish and ill-advised promises — to take service in the American Army. In December he became one of the three commissioners from Congress to France. Soon afterwards he was charged indirectly by Arthur Lee (q.v.), one of his associates, with having misappropriated part of the public funds, and toward the close of 1777 Congress sent a sunnnons to him to return, osten- sibly to communicate information concerning the attitude of European Powers toward the United States. Before this order reached him, he signed, together with the other commissioners, the treat- ies of conunerce and alliance with France, early in 1778. Innnediatcly upon his return he was asked to render a detailed acccnnit of his financial transactions, but failed to satisfy Congress, which persistently refused to authorize a settlement of bis accounts. "Xo proof ap])ears that he had been dishonest," says the historian Hildrcth, "or had employed the public money in speculations of his own, as his enemies alleged; but he had occupied the unfortunate position of having large sums of public money ])ass through his hands before any pro])cr system of vcnicliers and ac- counl,ability had been established, and he fell before the same spirit of malignant accusation which presently assaulted Wadsworth, Greene, Morris, and even Franklin himself, but which they had better means of warding oil" (History of the United Slates, iii., 269). Deane soon re- turned to France, largely for the pur|)ose of straightening out his accounts, and sul>sequeTitly became convinced that the Revolution was des- tined to fail and that the United States should again become colonics of England. Late in 1781 Rininyton's Royal Cazette (Xew York) pub- lished a series of 'intercepted' letters written by him (at the instigation, it has been charged, of George III. and Lord Xorth) to prominent Americans, in which he strongly op])osed the Declaration of Independence and the Frencli alli- ance, and urged prompt submission to Great Britain, For this he was considered a traitor by a large element of the patriot party. In 1842 Congress at last adjusted Deane's accounts and paid to his heirs about .$37,000. Dean published, in defense of his conduct. An Address to the Free and Independent Citizens of the Vnilcd States (Hartford and London, 1784). A part of his corres])(mdence in 1774-76 is given in (lie Papers of the Conneelirut Historirnl Society, vol. ii.