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DRAMA. 443 DRAPER. The Technique of the Dramu (Xew York, 1S'J2) ; oodbridge, The Drama, Its Law and Us Tech- nique (Boston, 1S9S) ; Faguct, Drume ancicn, drame niodeiiw (Paris, 18',18); tSchlpgel, Lec- tures on Dramatic Art and Literature (English frans.. London, 184(i. etc.) ; Drvden. .Ik Essay OH Dramatic I'oesy (0.ford, 18!t4. etc.) ; Henne- quin, The Art of l^layuriling (Boston, 1890) : I'ougin, Dictionnairc hisloritiue ct pitloresque du theatre (Paris, 18S5). On the history of the drama: Klein, (leschichte des Dramas (Leipzig, 1S65-SC) ; Pnilss, Geschichte dcs ncucren Dra- mas (Leipzig. ISSO-S;!) ; Rover, Histoire unitcr- selle du theatre (Paris, 1860-78): Hastings, The Theatre, Its Dcrelopment in France and England, and a Histori/ of its Greek and Latin Origins (London. 1902) ; Donaldson, The Theatre of the Greeks (8th ed., London. 1875) ; Haigh, The Attic Theatre (Oxford, 1889), and The Traqic Drama of the Greeks (Oxford, 1890) ; Patin, Etudes sur Ics tragiqiies grecs (Paris, 1885-94). and Etudes sur la poesie latine, vol. ii. (Paris, 1883): Monlton, The Ancient Classical Drama (Oxford, 1890) : Levi. Le theatre indien (Paris, 1S90) : Gotschall, Das Theater und Drama dcr Chinescn (Breslau, 1887) ; d'Ancona, Origini del teatro in Italia {2d ed.. Torino, 1891) : Schack, Geschichte der dramatischca Littcralur und Kunst in Spanien (Berlin, 1845-46) ; Schaef- fer, Geschichte des spanischen Xatiunaldramas (Leipzig, 1890) ; Matthews, T/ie Theatres of Paris (Xew York, 1S80), and French Dramatists of the yineteenth Century (2d ed.. New Y'ork, 1891) ; Lucas, Histoire philosophiijue et litteraire du theatre fran(;ais (Paris, 1802-63) ; Berendt, Schiller-Wagner, ein Jahrhundrrt der Entu-ick- lungsgesehichte des deutschcn Dramas (Berlin, 1901): Litzmann (editor), Theatergesehiehthehe Forschungen (Hamburg, 1891-1901); Collier. The History of English Dramatic Poetry to the Time of Shakespeare, and Annals of the Stage to the Restoration (London. 1831) ; Ward. His- tory of English Dramatic Literature (London, 1875) : S>Tnonds. Shaksperc's Predecessors in the English Drama (London. 1SS4) : Archer, English Dramatists of To-dau (London. 1882): Lowell, The Old Enqlish Dramatists (Boston, 1892) ; Geneste, History of the Stage (Bath, 1832); Doran, Annals of the Stage (Lowe ed., London, 1888) : Fitzgerald. .1 yeic History of the English Stage (London, 1S82) ; Lewes. On Actors and the Art of Acting (Xew Y'ork. 1878) ; Baker, Eng- lish Actors from Shakespeare to Macready (Xew Y'ork. 1879) ; Baker. The London Stage, its His- tory and Traditions from l.ilG to ISSS (London, 1889) : Scott, The Drama of Yesterday and To- day (London. 1899); Matthews and Hut ton (editors). Actors and Actresses of Great Britain atid the Cnited States (Xew York, 1886) ; Scil- hamcr. History of the American Theatre (Phila- delphia. 1888-91) : Dunlap, History of the Ameri- can Theatre (Xew Y'ork, 1832) ; Ireland. Rec- ords of the Xew York Stage. 1750-1860 (Xew Y'ork, 1886): Hutton, Curiosities of the Ameri- can Stage (Xew Y'ork, 1891); McKay and Vingatc (editors). Famous American Actors of To-day (Xew York. 1896) ; Strang, Fa- mous Actresses of the Day in America (Boston, 1899), and Famous Actors of the Day in America (Boston. 1000) ; ITapgood. The Slar/e in America. ISm-inoo (Xew Y'ork. 1901) : Pub- lications of the Dunlap Society (Xew Y'ork) ; Vol. VI.— 29. Lowe, .1 liibliographicul Account of English The- atrical Literature (London, 1888). DRAMATIC ARTS, Ami:rh..n Academy oi-. A Irainiiii; sulinoi for the stage, established by Franklin Sargent in Xew York L'ity in 1884, and chartered liy the regents of the State of Xew York in 1889. It oilers a two years' course of systematic instruction, and aims to harmonize the psychologic with the technical side of the stage. In 1897 the Empire Theatre Dramatic School was placed under the management of the .cademy. 'ihc senior class ofl'ers several public [jerformances, thus enal)Iing the students to test tlu'ir aliilitics in actual [iraetice. DRAMATIC POESY, Ax E.ssat on. A treat- ise (1667) by Dryden in the form of a dialogue, supposed to have taken place on the Thames between Xeander. Lisideius, Crites, and Eu- genius; i.e. Dryden, Scdley, K. Howard, and Buckhurst. It discusses the relative UK'rits of English and French dramatists, gives .Jonson the palm over Shakespeare, prefers the moderns to the ancients, and strongly advocates the employ- ment of rhyme in dramatic poetry. Sir Robert Howard took offense at the author's treatment of the latter subject, and wrote a rejoinder, which Dryden answered in A Defense of the Es- say on Dramatic Poesy, prefixed to a second edition of The Indian Emperor. DRAMMEN, driim'men. A seaport town of Xorway, situated on the Dranunen, at its en- trance into the Drammen Fjord, an arm of the Christiania Fjord, 33 miles southwest of Christiania (Jlap: Xorway, D 7). The town occupies a cliarming site Ijetween high hills, and has been rebuilt since the fires in 1806 and 1870. The three quarters of the town, which are divided by the river, are joined by bridges. Drammen manufactures chiefly lumber, iron- work, tobacco, cotton, and woolen textiles. It has saw-mills and ship-yards, and exports much lumber. Its trade is largely with England and Holland. Population, in 1891, 20,441 ; in 1901, 23,091 DRA'PER, Andrew Sloan (1848—). An American educator and lawyer. He was bom at Westford. X. Y'. : was admitted to the bar in 1871, and was one of the judges in the Court of Alabama Claims in 1884. Sulisequently he be- came identified with educational work, was State Superintendent of Public Instruction in X'ow York from 1886 to 1892, and had charge of the schools in Cleveland. Ohio, during the two fol- lowing years. In 1894 lie «as chosen president of the University of Illinois. His ])ublications include: The (Jrigin and Development of the Xew York Common School System (1889) ; Public School Pioneering in Xew York and Massachu- setts (1892); American Schools and American Citizenship (1891); 'The Organization and Ad- ministration of City School Systems (1888) ; and Americiiii rniversities and the Xational Life. DRAPER, Dan-iel (1841 — ). An American meteorologist, born in Xew Y'ork City, a son of John William Draper, under whom he studied sci- ence, obtaining his degree from the University of the City of X'ew Y'ork. He aided his brother Henry in the construction and cquipnu'nt of the observa- tory at Hastings-oii-thc-Iludsoii. and after acquir- ing considerable practical experience as an engi- neer, was in 1869 appointed director of the Xew