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DU CHAILLU. 492 DUCHESNE. He went at an early ajje to Africa, where his father was estal)lishe(l as a trailer in the (ialmn country. Younj; Du Cliaillu familiarized himself with tiie lan-riia^'e anil eiistoms of the iieii;hli<irin]L! coast tribes, anent in Amer- ica, set out. in 1S.5.J, upon anexplorin-jexpeilition into the interior of eipintorial Africa, lie spent nearly four years in his explorations, and his dis- coveries added greatly to the knowledge of the llora and fauna of Africa, alllunigh, lieeause of their rather remarkable character, the truth of his accounts was seotited by scientists at the time. Besides being the first white man to ob- serve and obtain specimens of the gorilla, he se- cured sixt,v hitherto unknown s|)e<ies of birds, and accumulated much valuable information as to the life and customs of the almost unknown tribes of pygmies in the interior of the continent. His published account of his explorations and discoveries, Expltfrtitioiis and Aihciitiiirs in Equatorial Africa (ISGl), niet with a storm of ridicule and refutatiim. In order to further sub- stantiate his statements, he made a second journey into equatorial Africa in ISti:!, where he remained until IStiiJ and added to his previous discoveries. His exiwriences on his second ex])edition are de- tailed in .1 Joiiriiei/ to .{shaniin Land (18(i"). In 1872-73 he made explorations in Norway, Swe- den, T.apland. and Finland: and in 1808-1902 traveled through Russia, llis published works, be- sides those named above, include: Till (Inrilla Coun- try (18C8) : 11 iW Life I'ndcr thr t:<iualor ( 1S(!!M : Lost in the .Junqlc (1809) : .1/./; A/iinfii Kinfidom (1870); The Vountrii of the Ouarfs (1870); The Land of the Midnight Sun ( 1881 ) : The Viking Age (2 vols., 1889) ; The Land of the Long ight (1900) ;and TheMorUi of the Great Forest (VJOO) . DXTCHATEL, du'shsl'tel', Ciiarle-S M.hie T.vn- NEori. (V.nnI (1SO3-07). A Freiu-li statesman, born in Paris, lie became Minister of .gricu'- ture and Commerce in is;i4 and in IS.'SH and 1S40, successively, Minister of the Interior in the Soult and Guizot Cabinets. His most important work, based upon a careful study of the theories of Jfalthus, is entitled Traitf de la charity dans ses rapports arec Vitat moral, etc. (1829; 2d ed., under the title Considerations d'econoniie poli- tique). The doeuments stalisli/iues sur la France (1834) are valuable. The principal achievement of Duchatel as a legislator was the complete reformation of the tariff laws. DUCHE, di.i'shft'. Jacob (1737-98). An American clerg.Muan and writer. He was born in Philadelphia of Huguenot parentage: was a memlxT of the first class which graduated ( 1757) at the College of Philadelphia inow the X'niver- .sit.v of Pennsylvania) : studied for a time at Cam- bridge University, Kngland, and in 177.T became rector of the united jiarishes of Christ Church nnd Saint Peter's. Philadelphia. On tlw approach of the Revolutionary War. lie joined the Whig or Patriot party, and on September 7, 1774, made the opening prayer before the Continental Con- gress then assembled in Carpenter's Hall, Pliila- delphia. .Tolin Adams, writing a few days later, said: " I must confess I never heard a better prayer or one so well pronounced. Hr. Cooper himself ne%-er prayed with such fervor, such ardor, such earnestness and pathos, and in lan- piage so c'leeant and sublime for America, forthc Congress, for the province of ^lassachnsetts Bay. and especially the town of Boston." For three months after the passage of the Declaration of Independence he acted as chaplain to Congress, hut when the English gained possession of Phila- delphia, he abandoned the Whig caus<> and in October, 1777. wrote his well-known letter to Washington, urging him "to represent to Con- gress the indispensable necessity of rescinding the hasty and ill-advised Declaration of lnile]K'nd- eiiey" and, that failing, to "negotiate for your country at the head of your army." The letter becoming public, and much indignation lieing aroused against Duche. he went to Kngland, where he soon attracted attention by his elo- quence, and acted as eh;ii)lain to the Lambeth Orplian .^yhiin until 1790, when he came back to Philadelphia. Besides a nunilx-r of occasional sermons, he published Observations on a Inric/j/ of Suhjects, Litcrarij. Moral, and Religious, in a •Series of Letters tcrittcn b;i a Gentleman of Foreign Extraetion, teho resided some Time in Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1774). a book of some merit which became widely po]iular. was frequently republished, and is best known under the title Caspipina's Letters. He also )>ublished Disetiurscs on Various Subjeets (London, 1779), which passed into several editions. Consult a brief sketch in Tyler, Literary History of the .Im erica n lleiolution (New York, 1897). DUCHENNE. di.i'shen'. Giillaime Ben- .lAMix (lS0(i-7.T*. A French physician, called "Duchenne de Boulogne," born at Boulogne-sur- Mcr. and educated in Paris. Here he became established in 1842, and soon acquired fame as an investigator in electric diagnosis and elec- trothcra])eutics, of which science he is sometimes considered the founder. He was a luoneer in the localization of the electric current and its adaptation in determining the physiology of the various muscles of the body. Scarcely less im- portant were his researches on the pathology of the nervous system. His numerous publications include: De relectnsation localisce el dc .son ap- plication a la pathologie et a la thtrapcutiiiuc (3d ed. 1872): Mceanisme dc la plii/sionnmie humaiue, ou analyse ileetrn-physiologiquc dc Vcxpression des passions (with 72 photographic illustrations, 1802) ; Physiologic des mouvemcnts, etc. (18(57). DUCHESNE, du'shftn'. Axdr£ (in Latin, A>-- nUKAS CUKSMl S, DlCIIENIl .S, or QlEBCETAXlS) ( l.iS4-l(U0). A French historian. He was horn in Touraine. and studied in London and Paris. Under Richelieu's Ministry he was appointed royal geogra])her and historiographer. Among his writings were: llislorirr Francurum f<erip- tores Coa-tanci ab ipsius Gentis Origine ad Phi- lippi IV. Tempora (5 vols., l(i3(;-49: vols. 3-5 were written by his son, Francois Duchesne) : Tlistoria- Xormannorum Scriptorcs Aniiiiui (1019): Uistoire gf-nfalogiijue dc la mai.ion dr Montmorency ct de Laval (1024) : Flistoire gihit-- alogiijue dc la niaison de Vergy ( 102.5) : and flis- toire gfnfalogique de la maison dc Guiehes (1031)". DUCHESNE, .Tacqi-es Ciiari.es RenS .Vriiii.- I.E (1837 — 1. A French soldier. He was horn in Sens, France, and graduated at Saint Cyr in 1857. He distinguished himself in the Franco- Prussian war in 1870-71, in Tongking in 1883. ami in .d- miral Courbet's campai;T!i in Formosa; iM'came a general of brigade in 1888 and of division in